End User

End user database Description A simple, searchable online database made up of structured records whose content Is generated by the participants. The records normally contain personal Information relating to a set of individuals. The database is self-perpetuating in that in order to access It, participants are usually made to submit their own information. Usually incorporates instant messaging capability for connecting participants based on a match. Purpose The purpose of this method Is to ‘find' others with matching needs or take control ever your data.For example, matching interests in order to connect or trade. Participants benefit from being able to use a single touch point for identifying matches and are able to compare offers from a pool of potentially similar records. Improves the likelihood of success through pre-vetting. Strengths * Can offer anonymity while retaining high levels of personal detail and control over how these are shared (I. E. Citizen held records). * Ma y include advanced testing to determine compatibility or matches between participants and records. Useful research tool, e. G. For determining average prices. Weaknesses * There is often a charge to access the database. * Sometimes there can be a stigma associated with being on a private database (e. G. If participants are looking to date). * Can soon become out of date and usefulness out of perspective it inactive records are not deleted. End users are those persons who interact with the application directly. They are responsible to Insert, delete and update data in the database. They get Information from the system as and when required.Types: a) Direct users: Direct users are the users who SE the computer, database system directly, by following instructions provided in the user interface. They interact using the application programs already developed, for getting the desired result. E. G. People at railway reservation counters, who directly Interact with database. B) Indirect user s: Indirect users are those users, who desire benefit from the work of DB'S Indirectly. They use the outputs generated by the programs, for decision making or any other purpose. They are Just concerned with the output and are not bothered about the programming part.There are several categories of end users: 1 . Casual end users occasionally access the database, but they may need different information each time. They use a sophisticated database query language to specify their requests and are typically middle- or high-level managers or other occasional browsers. 2. Naive or parametric end users make up a sizable portion of database end users. Their main job function revolves around constantly querying and updating the Off database, using standard types to queries and updates-called canned transactions- that have been carefully programmed and tested.The tasks that such users perform are varied: Bank tellers check account balances and post withdrawals and deposits. Reservation clerks fur airlines, hotels, and car rental companies check availability for a given request and make reservations. Clerks at receiving stations for courier mail enter package identifications via bar codes and descriptive information through buttons to update a central database of received and in-transit packages. 3.Sophisticated end users include engineers, scientists, business analysts, and others who thoroughly familiarize themselves with the facilities of the DB'S so as to implement their applications to meet their complex requirements. 4. Stand-alone users maintain personal databases by using ready-made program packages that provide easy-to-use menu-based or graphics-based interfaces. An example is the user of a tax package that stores a variety of personal financial data for tax purposes.

Audience in ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ Essay

Williams creates dramatic tension in ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ through the interactions between the important characters in the play, such as the conflict between Blanche and Stanley, and their contrasting styles of communication. The first instance of this occurs in the second scene. Blanche is bathing, whilst Stanley questions Stella about the loss of Belle Reve, referring to the so-called â€Å"Napoleonic code†. As an audience, we sense the tension being created when he says â€Å"And I don’t like to be swindled.† We see Stanley’s aggressive nature and his increasing anger towards Blanche through his actions and words, â€Å"Open your eyes to this stuff!† When Stella cries, â€Å"Don’t be such an idiot, Stanley†, he becomes even more enraged, â€Å"[he hurls the furs to the daybed]† and â€Å"[he kicks the trunk]†. Tension is created here and, as an audience, we sense the drama that is about to come. The atmosphere is tense, and as Blanche comes out of the bathroom antithetically â€Å"[airily]†, the contrast between Stanley and Blanche becomes apparent and the unease is developed further. Although Williams successfully achieves dramatic tension in the play, he does not use Acts, but divides the play into eleven scenes, perhaps because he was unable to sustain dramatic tension for the length of a conventional Act. However, as with all of the scenes in the play, this scene leads to a natural, dramatic climax. Blanche talks casually with Stanley, who’s increasing fury is illustrated in the stage direction, â€Å"[with a smouldering look]†. Finally, the tension is released by Stanley, â€Å"[booming] Now let’s cut the re-bop!† This dramatic cry and instantaneous discharge of tension shocks the audience, but Blanche appears unmoved, speaking â€Å"[lightly]†, â€Å"My but you have an impressive judicial air† and acting â€Å"[playfully]† towards Stanley. Her contrasting manner further infuriates him, again resulting in a build up of tension. However, as Stanley appreciates the tragic loss of Belle Reve,†[becoming somew hat sheepish]†, he allows the conversation and the audience’s attention to be diverted away from himself, and instead to Stella’s pregnancy, diffusing the tension. William’s persistent use of detailed stage directions in ‘A Streetcar Named Desire’ implies that the visual settings of the play are very important. Williams uses this attention to detail to create an atmosphere that  heightens the impact of the drama, and emphasises the tension created within each scene. This is demonstrated in the third scene, where a Van Gogh painting is evoked in the stage directions, which relates to William’s description of the men as â€Å"[as course and direct and powerful as the primary colours]†, enhancing the atmosphere of rife masculinity that contrasts with Blanche’s feminine presence and pale pastels thus accentuating the subsequent dramatic tension that is created. The same applies to the settings surrounding Blanche; for example, in Scene Nine the â€Å"[blind Mexican woman]† is a portent of death, the memory of which terrorizes Blanche, and in Scene Ten imagined â€Å"[lurid reflections]† and â€Å"[grotesque and menacing]† shadows that Blanche sees reflect her madness and fear, enhancing the tension of the scene. Coupled with William’s use of visual effects, sound effects are used to create dramatic tension. The Varsouviana, polka music, plays regularly throughout the play. It is heard only by Blanche and is used to illustrate Blanche’s feelings of guilt towards Allan’s suicide, and plays whenever she is particularly disturbed, creating tension. Her response is to drink heavily, in an attempt to overcome the sound. The music continues to grow louder and so the tension is amplified. Only when she is drunk enough, does the music subside with the final shot, and a dramatic climax is reached. For all the drama created by the music, Blanche seems to have accepted this part of her torture, as demonstrated when she states in a matter-of-fact manner â€Å"there now, the shot! It always stops after that!† as though the reliability of the music’s regularity is a comfort to her. In Scenes Four, Six and Ten, Williams introduces a roaring locomotive at dramatic moments: Blanche’s criticism of Stanley, her account of Allan’s death and before Stanley rapes her. The result of which is developing tension, to be released in the climax of the scene. The locomotive also has connotations of fate, in that, like the streetcar, it can only travel on one line, and in one direction, to one destination. Also, the locomotive’s headlight illustrates Blanche’s fear of exposure; she crouches and shuts her ears whenever it approaches, in an attempt to shield herself from the harsh reality, also creating tension.

Women of Frankenstein: Impact Based on Influence

Alexis Montgomery Professor Jonathan Luftig English 102 Women of Frankenstein: Impact Based on Influence The novel Frankenstein touches on many controversial themes such as, solitude, the division of â€Å"good† evil, rejection, debate about Nature vs. Nurture, manipulation and etc. Among the many controversial themes, the one that is constantly mentioned is the rather passive, â€Å"supporting† female roles in the novel. Despite her mother’s feminist and independent legacy, Mary Shelley seemed to have written from a more societal perspective in the roles of her characters as opposed to a rebellious, un-relatable perspective.Examples of this can be found in the relationships between the characters, as well as backgrounds of each. In Mary Shelley’s novel, her female characters seem to reflect women of her time, including herself, in supporting their male counterparts even when socially invisible. As the author, Mary Shelley used her personal experiences and bias’s of her time to write her novel. Mary Shelley’s mother died giving birth to her, leaving her to be raised by her father who was a member of a group of radical thinkers. When growing up without a mother, it is imaginable that your influences are not necessarily limited, but shifted.Mary did not have her mother, so she may have looked to the women of her time as examples of what life was supposed to be like. Mary Wollstonecraft wrote in her â€Å"Vindication of the Rights of Women†, Women are told from their infancy, and taught by the example of their mothers, that a little knowledge of human weakness, justly termed cunning, softness of temper, outward obedience, and a scrupulous attention to a puerile kind of propriety, will obtain for them the protection of man; (Wollstonecraft Chpt II) Women in the early 19th century era were viewed as inferior to men.The place of women was considered to be in their home, privately. Her novel can be considered a way for her to deal with questions of her own autobiography, through fiction. In being raised by just her father, in the radical atmosphere, she was exposed to advanced ideas at an early age. She then became known in the literary circle with people such as Lord Byron, the friend and neighbor of her family. In being surrounded by writers and poets, like Lord Byron and Percy Bysshe Shelley, she was able to shape and mold her ideas.The company of such men, can be described as a â€Å"writer’s dream†, a place of such intellect and creativity, sparking ideas for such novels like Frankenstein. As Mary Shelley progressed in her personal life, she ended up in an intimate relationship with Percy Bysshe Shelley, causing her to conceive. She conceived children with him over the years, only to find she was unable to support life, losing three of her four children she had given birth to. All but one child, lived a short term after they were born. Losing these children is so significant bec ause it helped her express her feelings on birth through writing.In Ellen Moer’s, â€Å"The Female Gothic: The Monster’s Mother†, she relates Mary’s lose of her children to the creation of the monster. She states, Frankenstein seems to be distinctly a woman’s mythmaking on the subject of birth precisely because its emphasis is not upon what precedes birth, not upon birth itself, but upon what follows birth: the trauma of the afterbirth. (Shelley 321) This supports that Mary Shelley’s feelings of guilt and sadness surrounding birth and the consequences it produces. The loss of her children can be analyzed as expression of personal fears and pains through her writing.Her experiences have made her views of childbirth, into something grotesque and wretched, this causing the creation of the creature. After being unable to reproduce and losing a quality woman of that era were expected to have, Mary not only didn’t have a mother, but also wa s unable to become one herself. While propping the men up, enabling them to function, the women of the novel were also portrayed as weak. The ideas of the women in her novel being portrayed as weak can be viewed as a self-reflection of herself.Being without guidance or female influence, and unable to provide to offspring, she viewed herself as weak. Her personal-reflection of herself is reflected in women of the novel such as Justine, Elizabeth, and even the idea of the female creature. Victor is supported by Justine in everything he does and the creature uses the thought of a female creature as a companion to â€Å"support† him. Men represent all women of Frankenstein, all three narrators are male and they â€Å"narrate† what the women have said because the whole story is told by men.An example of this is when the creature says, My companion will be of the same nature of myself, and will be content with the same fare. We shall make our bed of dried leaves; the sun wil l shine on us as on man, and will ripen our food. (Shelley 103) The female creature would serve as â€Å"support† for the male creature because her purpose only served to be his companion. For his happiness, he would risk creating a creature as grotesque, with fearful looks. His actions and statement prove the selfishness and dominance of men in the novel.Though men are perceived as the dominant role in the novel, it is ironic that the story is centered on letters between Margaret and Robert. If Margaret hadn’t been Robert’s listener and exchanged letters with him, Robert would have no one to tell Victor’s story to, meaning there would be no novel. Margaret being a woman, can be viewed as the reason the novel exists. Being the main character in the novel, Victor and his relationship with Elizabeth play a large part in the examples of how men are the dominant characters, but only sustain their roles because the women are self-sacrificing.Elizabeth’s character traits influence her behaviors in her relationship with Victor by making her easy to manipulate. When Victor’s mother Caroline died, Elizabeth assumed her role in household duties and plays the mother figure. Though she assumes such a role, she has little substance, still passive, with not much contribution to social matters or decisions. In a sense, because she was not heard, she was not seen in a public aspect. Victor was bold, controlling, and selfish, not only in his disregard for female needs and roles in the novel, but also in other instances.His selfishness was portrayed in his desire to create life, in leaving his family and not contacting them, and once he created life, he disowned his creature, shirking all responsibility. Victor was so self-absorbed that he overestimates his importance. This was the reason behind why he was unable to figure out the creature was coming for Elizabeth and recognizes that she now symbolizes vengeance. Her role was so consist ent and insignificant to him that he was unable to fathom the importance of her death as well as its affect on himself.This is shown after the death of his wife, an example is when he states, Nothing is so painful to the human mind as a great and sudden change. The sun might shine, or the clouds might lour; but nothing could appear to me as it had done the day before. A fiend had snatched from me every hope of future happiness. (Shelley 142) In Anne Mellor’s, â€Å"The Female In Frankenstein†, she explores the idea of the destruction of female roles due to the difficulty switching from the public sphere, which was more masculine, to the private sphere, which was more feminine.In the preface Percy writes, his concern the novel was the, â€Å"the exhibition of the amiableness of domestic affection, and the excellence of universal virtue. † (Shelley 7) He exhibits this in Elizabeth. Though Elizabeth exists in the private sphere, to the family she is a symbol of dom estic harmony and can be considered a character based on sacrifice and true virtue. In all the things she does for Victor as well as his family, she is Victor’s hope for future joy. After all the bad things he has done and all the mistakes he has made, Elizabeth represents domestic peace.Her representation of domestic peace can subconsciously be the reason Victor’s family wants him to marry her so badly. The death of Justine as well as Elizabeth was centered on the selfishness of men they loved. Justine was put to death, after trial because Victor refused to admit the creature he created was the cause of his brother William’s death. Elizabeth’s death was caused because Victor’s selfish ways made him refuse to create the creature a female companion to have in his life. Both of these women can be looked at as self-sacrificing.Victor Frankenstein dealt with his extreme guilt of withholding information and secrets from his family regarding his creation , putting people’s lives, such as Justine’s in jeopardy. His secrecy can easily be the reason for the death of Justine, William, and Elizabeth. This extreme guilt is key in discussing how he one of the dominant characters in the novel, because despite how much guilt he feels he never disclosed to anyone his secret creature until he met Robert. In the novel, Victor Frankenstein as a Creator of the creature can be compared to a Mother, giving birth to a child, something that the author, Mary Shelley was unable to do.Again, she uses her personal experiences to express herself in her writing. Victor stripped women of their main purpose during that era, to reproduce. He established that the role played by women isn’t limited to female characters, but can be shown in men as well because Victor can be considered a bad mother. Also in Anne Mellor’s, â€Å"The Female In Frankenstein†, she states, In place of normal heterosexual attachment to Elizabeth, Vict or Frankenstein has a substituted a homosexual obsession with his creature, an obsession that in his case is energized by a profound desire to reunite with his dead mother, by becoming himself a mother. Shelley 363) The loss of his mother’s influences cause him to want to create life on his own, so that he can influence or rather control it, leading to the creation of the Creature. Shelley’s personal struggle is evident because though he was able to create life, he wasn’t proud of it, and wasn’t anything like he thought it would be. He then abandoned the creature, sort of like his mother had done when she died, and like Mary Shelley’s mother had done when she died as well. Another example of the role’s women play to the male characters was shown the Creature’s need for a female companion.The Creature’s solitude never allowed him to know what love was, until he began watching the De Lacy’s and seeing the love they shared as a family and how happy Safie made Felix when returning to his life. Felix seemed ravished with delight when he saw her, every trait of sorrow vanished his face, and it instantly expressed a degree of ecstatic joy, of which I could hardly have believed it capable; his eyes sparkled, as his cheek flushed with pleasure; and at that moment I thought him more beautiful than the stranger. (Shelley 81)This moment of joy is something he wanted to feel for himself, or better yet something he wanted someone else to feel for him. He longed for someone to accept him and risk everything, just as Felix had done for Safie. When learning their backgrounds and seeing how Felix risked his family, reputation, and wealth, all to save Safie’s father, the Turk and to marry her, the Creature yearned for that kind of love. He also admired, the extents companions seemed to go for each other. The Creature seems to want a counterpart, not only because she is a female nd he wants to be loved, but bec ause he wants to share his burden of ugliness and non-acceptance from humans who have shunned him. After viewing their relationship he reflects on his loneliness and goes on to blame Victor for his pain. Cursed Creator! Why did you form a monster so hideous that even you turned from me in disgust? God in pity made man beautiful and alluring, after his own image; but my form is a filthy type of yours, more horrid from its very resemblance. (Shelley 91) In his inhuman heart, he doesn’t long for material things or wealth, he longs to experience life as he’s viewed it as a bystander.Watching the De Lacey’s function in society and as a family, is the example he leads by, therefore he doesn’t understand why he is unable to have that as well. This fact is what makes the creature most human, maybe even more human than Victor because of his need for communication and love, while Victor never needed any of that. Never once in the novel did Victor long for real comp anionship, his joys came in being isolated from others, which caused him to predetermine the creature’s life of isolation as well.In never needing a companion to share life with, Victor saw no problem in destroying the female creature he had created for the male creature. Because Victor excluded women in every way, and he clearly doesn’t understand the significance of his own female counter part in the novel, he definitely doesn’t understand the creatures. Not knowing the significance of a feminine role in his life, nor the creatures is what made the destruction of the female creature an easy decision for him.One of the biggest reasons he struggled to understand the significance was because he was clouded by his fear. In Anne Mellor’s, â€Å"The Female In Frankenstein†, she argues that â€Å" he is afraid of an independent female will, afraid that his female creature will have desires and opinions that cannot be controlled by his male creature. â €  (Shelley 360) Victor’s true fear was that by creating a female creature, he’d be defying everything that he believed in. The belief that women are to be more of the private sphere than the public might change and it would cause imbalance of society in his eyes.What if, a women or female could walk the earth as men and think their own thoughts and live life as she pleased. The belief that women are to be controlled, rather than loved and treated equally is what causes each female not to exist anymore. The novel uses its female characters to display that of women in Mary Shelley’s time, displaying failed attempts at changing societal roles. The men of Frankenstein control life, death, and the all possibility of any women functioning as an equal. Mellor, Anne K. Possessing Nature: The Female in Frankenstein. † Norton Critical Edition (1996): 274-86. Print. Moers, Ellen. â€Å"Female Gothic: The Monster's Mother. † New York Review of Books (1974). Rpt. in Frankenstein: A Norton Critical Edition. Ed. J. Paul Hunter. New York: Norton, 1996. 214-24. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein: A Norton Critical Edition. ed. J. Paul Hunter. New York: W. W. Norton, 1996 Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. A Wollstonecraft Anthology. Ed. Janet M. Todd. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977

Education for Everyone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Education for Everyone - Essay Example One of the most exciting trends in education that promises to help with the emergency in funding is the increased access to free online educational resources. While there are those who decry increased online learning as being corrosive to the social benefits that accrue from time spent in face-to-face instruction, the fact is that the online opportunities for education represent an important chance for school administrators at every level – from elementary to the university – to augment their current course offerings with a wealth of robust resources that will help their students succeed – for nothing. One important trend in education that seeks to capitalize on the benefits of free online resources is the â€Å"flipped classroom.† The traditional learning model involves the teacher delivering information through lectures, presentations, or other media, while students respond with some practice in the classroom, followed by the completion of assignments ou tside school. The â€Å"flipped classroom† is the reverse: instead, students access pre-recorded lectures or readings that teachers have posted online for them. With this information in hand, students are expected to come to class prepared for the activity that awaits them. If they have not listened to the assigned lecture or accessed the required information, they will not be prepared for class that day. There are several benefits of the â€Å"flipped classroom.† The most obvious is that students who miss classes for activities or illness no longer miss out on vital information. All they have to do is access the websites for their classes and view or listen to the materials that have been posted. Also, the role of the teacher has been transformed. Instead of lecturing to whole groups, the teachers instead become learning coaches, moving from small group to small group, or even from individual to individual, making sure that each student has gained mastery over the con tent and is generating a valid product (Bergmann and Sams). Finally, the students are readier for in-class instruction when it does come. Instead of yawning through a lecture of thirty or forty-five minutes, the students stop working on their projects when they need instruction – because they need the information to complete that specific task, the missing information can be delivered more quickly, and the audience will be more receptive to it. One might point out several drawbacks to this approach. What, for example, about students who do not have Internet access at home? Is it reasonable for a student living at that socioeconomic level to be expected to go to a public library to get online for class materials, or to come to school early to access the teacher websites, particularly when that student is likely to depend on school bus transportation and to have a job after school to help the family make ends meet? Some districts around the country have tried to answer this que stion by sending home laptops or computers with each student to help bridge the financial gap to computer literacy, but it is still an unanswered question. If the â€Å"flipped classroom† is to succeed for every student, then at some point, there must be a universal wireless Internet network available to every home, so that students can access the information they need while at home – even a free laptop cannot access the World Wide Web without a subscription, the way things currently

Weak Form Market Efficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Weak Form Market Efficiency - Essay Example However finance theory assumes idealistic models for the stock markets and formulates the investor utility functions and expectations accordingly. These models are based on perfect competition and passage of information in an unfettered manner. As Wikipedia (2007) seems to point out, "In economics and financial theory, analysts use random walk techniques to model behavior of asset prices, in particular share prices on stock markets, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. This practice has its basis in the presumption that investors act rationally and without bias, and that at any moment they estimate the value of an asset based on future expectations. Under these conditions, all existing information affects the price, which changes only when new information comes out. By definition, new information appears randomly and influences the asset price randomly. Empirical studies have demonstrated that prices do not completely follow random walk. Low serial correlations (around 0.05) exist in the short term; and slightly stronger correlations over the longer term. Their sign and the strength depend on a variety of factors, but transaction costs and bid-ask spreads generally make it impossible to earn excess returns. Researchers have found that some of the biggest prices deviations from random walk result from seasonal and temporal patterns. In particular, returns in January significantly exceed those in other months (January effect) and on Mondays stock prices go down more than on any other day. Observers have noted these effects in many different markets for more than half a century, but without succeeding in giving a completely satisfactory explanation for their persistence. Technical analysis uses most of the anomalies to extract information on future price movements from historical data. But some economists, for example Eugene Fama, argu e that most of these patterns occur accidentally, rather than as a result of irrational or inefficient behavior of investors: the huge amount of data available to researchers for analysis allegedly causes the fluctuations. Another school of thought, behavioral finance, attributes non-randomness to investors' cognitive and emotional biases". Taking an apposite viewpoint Leverton () states, "Without market fundamentals being able to predict prices, the investor is forced to learn new ways of investing.. Ratios and trend analysis are important to picking a winning portfolio. Subscribers to the adaptive expectations theory believe investors are backward looking in deciding on the correct price to pay for a stock". Realized and expected rreturns from the stock markets have been the subject of intense debate since a long period of time .Several theories suggesting various constructs and factors responsible for determining the returns from the stocks have been postulated thus far.It was not until the late 1960s and early 1970s that a fully-developed, empirically-supported theory of share prices' behavior emerged in the form of the Efficient Markets Hypothesis (EMH).Prior to the development of the EMH , analysts assumed some degree of dependence across successful price changes. Very many efforts were made towards identifying a predictable trading pattern which could be used for chasing profitable deals. From the mid-1950s to the early 1980s, a random walk theory (RWT) of share prices was developed based on the past empirical evidence of randomness in share price movements. RWT

Pizza hut Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Pizza hut - Research Proposal Example Executive Summary of the research Proposal: This research proposal will help to conclude for Pizza Hut to analyze the most important element in the profitability of the organization as well as to conduct a brief customer analysis to go for their preferences in the food sector. This will also help us in developing and re-positioning a broad vision about the future sales and maximizing the business share of the UK market. Introduction: Pizza Hut has been established since 1958 and owes a well known reputation in the Food market because of its exceptional services as well as the outstanding project. Pizza Hut has also received the best performance certifications from all over the world in the available best food and restaurant chains. The original design of the Pizza was adapted firstly in Wichita. Since 1977 it is the best of all available food restaurants in the market and is leading the market position in a reputable manner with an extended product range and customers. The history of Pizza Hut tells that it has always been the most successful in delivering the best products and services with highest available quality to its customers at very economical rates thus making it as a first choice for the food lovers. Research Design: Aims of the research design: To highlight the preferences and the demands of the current customers To focus the best quality of the products considering it the ultimate factor responsible to contribute towards growth and establishment To find out the key weaknesses and the strengths of the Pizza hut and its services for a better evaluation for future proceedings Research components and Infrastructure: The current research is going to be conducted at the Pizza Hut organization with inclusions of all the key members of the marketing committee, key administration, customer references and above all the quality assurance service department. Type of research design: The type of research that we are going to proceed with is; Theoretical Descrip tive Areas of questioning: This will basically involve the key sectors from which the information needs to be collected from the market, from the customers and for the quality of the products. The key areas of our research questioning will relate the following sectors: i. Customer overview: This is the main sector which will involve the collection of the satisfactory data from the customers about the overall products overview and services offered by Pizza hut. What is the sum up view of our customers? What they want to get changed? What is in fact they want a price compromise or a quality? This is best interpreted as Mind scanning of the customers so that to evaluate us with the eye of our customers. ii. Market competition overview: This is the major concerned area for the marketing manager to have the key questions answered by his market survey about the presence of all the key competitors present in the market and to develop a background that what are their strengths and what are their weaknesses. A sound knowledge of the basic competitors is very important to put forth any of the growing strategy in ground for the Pizza Hut. For example we will evaluate the

Audio Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Audio Culture - Essay Example In those days, radio content was most based on speech programming later by the introduction of Television media radio diverted its major entertainment towards musical programming (Crook, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to analyze different radio texts to present a discourse by evaluating the social, cultural, political and economic contexts. Four different audio programs have been selected for the analysis of radio based on programming, production, audience and cultural context. The analysis will be categorized broadly into Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis focusing on a use of music, sound, text and technology in different sorts of programs by different presenters. Conversation Analysis is defined as a method of analyzing the audio or video tapes for discovering how the participants of the conversation in the audio understand each other’s points and respond accordingly with the main focus on generation of sequences of action (Wooffitt, 2005). Or in other words the purpose of Conversation Analysis is to reveal the tactic reasoning procedures and sociolinguistic capabilities triggering the production and evaluation of the audio conversation in an organized sequence of interaction (Hutchby, 2006). Discourse Analysis or Critical Discourse Analysis is a method of understanding how social power (radio) is used or abused in relation with spoken or written languages. The method particularly focuses on studying the dialectal relationship with the discourse aspect of the social practices and the structure of society (Tolson, 2006). It is a news show presented by Victoria Derbyshire. The show includes news on social and cultural issues, political news and sports news in the United Kingdom and all around the world. Based on the conversation analysis the presenters interact with each other only when it’s necessary, like to hand over the conversation from one person to another. The news show is led by Victoria Derbyshire dominantly as she goes

Service Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Service Management - Assignment Example The author illustrates the relationship between the named variables using two case studies. The conclusion was that cultural differences between the tourist and the operator greatly influence the supply chain management in this industry. As such, training was needed in order to enhance the cultural skills of the tourism operator in order to improve the process (Koblun, 2011). Basically, this article is trying to point out the fact that cultural greatly influences the tourism industry. This is true especially in the 21st century where various cultures are converging together due to globalization effects (Reisinger, 2009). It is also true that the best way to improve performance is through training as it will enhance intercultural communication skills that can be used in the supply chain management (Wahab, 2001).   From the presented data, the confirmed link from the service performance network includes leadership-strategy-process-services-customer satisfaction-retention and loyalty-financial performance. However, a link that involves staff satisfaction and anything related to the consumers such as retention loyalty and attraction have not yet been confirmed (Johnston, Clark & Shulver, 2012). All this comes due to the positive linear correlations between sales per square meter, share of grocery budget, customer satisfaction and customer referral. All these show that customer loyalty and customer satisfaction is high. The same also illustrates that service value and output quality is high. The named organization has a reputation based on excellent services, which is the reason why customer satisfaction and referral is high. Nevertheless, there is a negative linear correlation between employee turnover, referral, satisfaction, style of supervision and operating ratio. Since these are indicators of employee loyalty, employee service capability and employee

As a software developer give examples of where you use abstraction in Essay

As a software developer give examples of where you use abstraction in your daily job - Essay Example Due to the constant increasing complexity in the systems we use, reliance on abstractions increase in the software development industry. Each of these abstractions attempts to hide the complexity, allowing me as a software developer to create a code that can cater for all the variations in complexity that is required in the modern computing. To create reliable software, there is a greater need for me to learn and understand many of the abstractions underlying details. Abstraction also finds a lot of applications in software reuse. In this case, abstraction plays a central role. For effective software artifacts reuse, concise and expressive abstractions are essential. Higher levels abstractions in the reuse technique reduce the effort required to go from the initial concept of a software system to representations in the reuse technique (Medvidovic & Taylor 2000: 70-93). During the verification of software, abstraction is highly used. This allows debugging of a specific software component. Simulation and validation of the software component is done at each abstraction level, resulting in abstraction of different components of the target hardware architecture. The abstract architecture model hides details of the underlying implementation of the hardware platform, while ensuring a sufficient level of control that the software code can be validated in terms of performance, efficiency, and reliable functionality (Popovich, 2010: 17). Abstraction is a powerful heuristic. It has allowed development of systems that implement and integrate abstraction in problem-solving process. Development of systems with abstraction helps to improve on the efficiency of the systems. On the other hand, from the basic understanding that abstraction hides the complexity underlying the systems, we deduce that it reduces the search space. The concept of data abstraction helps software developers in the integration of both structural and

Emotions and Posture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emotions and Posture - Essay Example However, one clearly recognizable difference to my posture from these other activities existed when I worked on a computer in a seated position. Because my eyesight is declining, it is increasingly difficult to work with a distance away from the computer screen, which caused a slight slouch in my posture while completing computer tasks. However, I experienced no slouching posture during the process of reading books or finishing other near-sighted tasks. After completing these initial observations over the course of three days, I manipulated the posture variable for the next three days. Part of this manipulation was a slightly slouched stance by approximately 15 degrees. I concluded that this degree of change would not be readily recognizable by others who knew me well; however, I believed the change would register at some levels in both my own mind states and those of others. In order to maintain consistency, I kept this slouched position during all activities and at all times for th ose three days during which the experiment was being conducted. Once my body became acquainted with the new stance through some practice and conscious thought, the new posture seemed natural, which allowed me to ignore that variable as I interacted with others and carried on with my daily life. During these interactions, the differences I noticed were not significant. Others seemed to be set in their perceptions of my body such that they could not notice the difference in my posture. However, my interactions with others changed in that I felt less confident (partly because of my idea that bad posture is an unattractive trait) and less open to interpersonal interaction. A decrease in confidence may have created a feedback loop in which my behavior affected other’s interactions with me during the time of the experiment. However, as I said, there were no noticeable differences in the way others perceived or interacted with me while the manipulation of my posture was occurring. A fter the experimental period had concluded, I returned to my usual patterns, including readjusting to my normal posture. From this, I discovered the interpersonal confidence I had before the posture change and I felt less self-conscious about my attractive (or unattractive) stance. Posture, as such, does not receive much conscious thought from most people unless of course their posture is noticeably bad either to the self or to others. Overall, my normal patterns seem to have returned without any major difference. The question of whether the posture manipulation ultimately resulted in a change in my emotions depends on the situation. In some situations, the bad posture variable made me less likely to engage in interactions with others because I felt less attractive. Anxious emotions could be attached to the bad posture in that way. In other situations, the bad posture variable had no effect on how others treated me, which left emotions like happiness from acceptance unchanged. My mo od did not suffer because of a bad stance, at least according to my observations. A serious limitation to this experiment is, of course, the self-reporting on a variable I am always tempted to think about during the course of the experiment. Nevertheless, despite this limitation, I believe that emotions can be affected by posture, assuming that one has a notion of good posture as a physically attractive trait and that one either perceives himself as having a good or bad one. If the individual or the society has no

Gun Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Gun Control - Essay Example Advocates argue that pro-gun control laws such as implementing a complete ban on possession of assault weapons can play a key role in limiting and/or restricting access to such weapons and hence ultimately result in reduction of violent crimes and attacks (Moorhouse and Wanner, 2003; Hemenway, 2006). Critics, however, disagree stating that no amount of pro gun-control laws can prohibit violent attacks and crimes involving assault weapons and that there is lack of literature substantiating the relationship between gun prevalence and violence (Carter, 2006). Regardless of the immense and widespread debates and controversies centered on the policy of gun control and the hysteria, panic, and terror accompanying the same generating varied emotions across diverse sections of the society, the fact that it still remains one of the most pressing issues in modern day America cannot be denied. This essay aims to discuss, analyze, examine and understand the issue of gun control against the vario us arguments in favor of as well as against it. The essay essentially argues in favor of passing of legislation that outlaws assault weapons. Gun culture in the U.S.: Overview and implications Firearms have off late risen to an elevated status commanding a central position as a critical public policy issue. The long-running debates and controversies related to firearms and it’s impact and implications on the American way of life demand a permanent and effective solution in order to end the chaos and restore the instability and dent caused in the social structure. However the solutions offered so far appear bleak at best, largely because the issue of gun control is difficult to deal with given that the gun-culture is an inherent part of the American society. The politics of guns: The proponents of gun control have persistently and vehemently defended the right to bear firearms citing their democratic rights to do so, granted by the U.S. constitution. Ownership of gun has come to be the fundamental democratic right of citizens in the U.S over the years (Burbick, 2006). The National Rifle Association who are the staunch supporters and defenders of the possession of firearms have consistently defended the right to bear firearms and continues to do. In a recent move by the NRA, the association once again launched full-fledged efforts to counter President Obama's bold gun control plans (The Guardian, 2013). Various new laws have been passed over the years granting the citizens an exclusive right to hold concealed firearms as a response to cater to the epidemic-level fears and anxiety among the citizens concerning their safety. Such favorable laws have escalated the access to firearms to the common public which in turn paved way for the development of a lucrative firearms manufacturing market that are now found to strongly lobby against any policies aimed at restricting or banning the possession of firearms. Such efforts on the part of the pro-firearms and ant i-gun control lobbyists have essentially blunted the political efforts bringing the political momentum to a temporary halt (Squires, 2012). The gun control policy is perceived by the opponents as a conflict between the rural hunters and shooters of NRA and other pro-gun organizations versus the government and law enforcement officials (Bruce and Wilcox, 1998). Critics argue that the consistent efforts by such pro-gun organizations have made access to firearms easier, particularly among the children, youth and the mentally unstable sections

Porple Essay Example for Free

Porple Essay Differentiate among the various types of information systems. Checkpoint Types of Information Systems Compile a list of the various information systems used in your organization or an organization with which you are familiar. Describe the designed function of each. Identify whether the systems are being used effectively. Day 3 Individual The Effects of Technology on the Accounting Profession Paper Resources: Ch. 2 of Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems and the University of Phoenix Material: Application Software Review the Center for Writing Excellence. Write a 700- to 1 ,050-word paper describing how information systems are changing various aspects of the accounting profession. Include a description of several new technologies and their effects on accounting processes. Discuss how these technologies have changed the way accounting is performed in your organization or in an organization of your choice. Cite at least two sources in your paper. Follow guidelines in the Center tor Writing Excellence. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Day 7 1303. 1 Identify major hardware components. 3. 2 Explain the use of accounting software applications. Reading Read Ch. 2 of Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems. Read Ch. 11 of Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems. Read Ch. 12 of Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems. Read this weeks Electronic Reserve Readings.

The Trojan Horse Virus: An Overview

The Trojan Horse Virus: An Overview Another type of malware that is not technically a virus because there is usually no auto-replication is a Trojan horse program, which seems to be something useful, as a free utility, but actually contains some kind of malware. The unhappy about a Trojan program that is running the software users willingly and still do not know what is causing problems on their systems. Rootkits are a form of Trojan horse programs that can monitor the traffic from a computer, monitor keystrokes and capturing passwords. Are the most modern backdoor on one system and are between the most insidious Trojan horse software because they can mask that the system has been compromised by changing the file system and drivers needed for the normal operation of the computer. Viruses A virus is a program that spreads, replicating it in other programs or documents. Its only purpose is to interrupt the operation of your computer or network by deleting or corrupting files, disk formatting or by using large quantities of computer resources. Viruses and worms that spread through e-mail attachments were common place for years. They are simple to avoid; just dont open any attachments from emails sent by someone who you arent expecting a message. Even if you know the sender, careful; malware programs may use address book from an e-mail program to send messages, causing you to believe that the message is safe. In fact, most virus scanners detect a virus or worm contained in an e-mail message and often excludes the annex before it ever reaches your Inbox, but if the virus is very new, it cannot be detected. Worm A worm is similar to a virus that replicates automatically, but a worm does not attach to another program; indeed, it is a standalone program. Worms are now more common than viruses, because with the Internet and network connectivity, worms in general do not need help to spread. Whereas a virus requires a user to run the program that contains the virus to operate and then copy this file to spread a worm can do their work without any help and can propagate through a network connection available. Some insidious actions that a worm can commit include using the network bandwidth, deleting files, send e-mails and creating backdoors in computers. NETWORK SECURITY POLICY Without a security policy, the availability of your network can be compromised. The policy begins with the assessment of risk to network and build a team to respond. Continuation of the policy requires the practical implementation of change management and monitoring of network security for breaches of security. Finally, the review process modifies the existing policy and adapts the lessons learned. The last area of responsibility is the answer. While often network monitoring identifies a security violation, the security team members that are the real solution and fixing of such violation. Each Member of the security team should know in detail the security features provided by the equipment in its operational area. While we define the responsibilities of the team as a whole, you must define the individual roles and responsibilities of the security team members in your security policy. Approving Security Changes Security changes are defined as changes to network equipment that can have an impact on overall network security. Your security policy must identify the requirements of specific security configuration in non-technical terms. In other words, instead of setting a requirement as no outside sources FTP connections will be allowed through the firewall, set the requirement as outside connections should not be able to retrieve files from inside the network. You need to define a unique set of requirements for your organization. The security team should review the list of simple language requirements to identify issues of design requirements or specific network configuration. After the team created the network configuration changes necessary to implement the security policy, you can apply these possible future configuration changes. Although it is possible for the security team review all changes, this process enables them to only review the changes that risk sufficient to justify special treatment. We recommend that the security team to review the following types of changes: Any change in the firewall configuration. Any amendment (ACL) of access control lists. Any changes to the configuration of the simple network management protocol (SNMP). Any change or update software that differs from the list of approved software revision. We recommend that you also meet the following guidelines: Change passwords for network devices on a routine basis. To restrict access to network devices to a list of approved personnel. Ensure that the current revision levels of environments software network servers and equipment are in accordance with the security configuration requirements. Monitoring Security of Your Network Security monitoring is similar for network monitoring, except focuses on the detection of network changes that indicate a security breach. The starting point for security monitoring is to determine what constitutes a violation. Conduct a risk analysis, we identify the level of monitoring required based on the threat to the system. By adopting security changes, we identify specific threats to the network. Looking at both of these parameters, I will develop a clear picture of what you need to monitor and frequency. In risk analysis matrix, the firewall is considered a high-risk network, indicating that he should follow. In approving security changes section, youll find that you must monitor for changes to the firewall. This means that the SNMP polling agent should monitor things such as failed login attempts, unusual traffic, changes to the firewall, access granted to the firewall and configuration of connections through the firewall. Following this example, create a monitoring policy to each area identified in your risk analysis. We recommend that the equipment of low risk, medium risk equipment weekly and daily monitoring equipment high-risk per hour. If you need more rapid detection, monitor in a short time interval. Finally, your security policy should address how to notify the security team of security breaches. Often, your network monitoring software will be the first to discover the breach. It should trigger a notification to the operations centre, which in turn shall notify the security team using a pager number, if necessary.

Japanese Food and Celebrations Essay -- Sociology, Culture, Golden Wee

What comes to mind when thinking of traditions? Well, tradition is a repeated action in a community or group of people which had been passed down from generations. Even in a modern country like Japan, tradition is part of their life just like in every country. Whether it’s celebrating or eating food, there’s always something people do as a tradition. The foods and celebrations in Japan are important because they are part of their tradition, which is essential to Japanese everywhere. The best example of a Japanese celebration is Golden Week. Firstly, it is a cluster of national holidays between April 29 and May 5 (Kids Web Japan). There are many celebrated things on this day. Furthermore, most big companies close down for a week or even ten days in these holidays. It is just like a spring break. Most importantly, April 29 is Greenery Day, which is to celebrate nature. May 3 is Constitution Day; it is the day when the present constitution was made. Finally it’s May 5, which is Children’s Day (Kids Web Japan). These holidays show that celebrations are highly regarded in Japan. Of course, Children’s day isn’t the only day to celebrate kids. There are also Hina Matsuri, Doll’s Festival or Girls’ Day, in March 3 and Shichi-Go-San, Seven-Five-Three, on November 15. First of all, Seven-five-three is a celebration for three-year old boys and girls, five-year old boys and seven-year old girls (Asij Elementary School Japanese Department). They visit a Shinto shrine with their parents and pay for chitose-ame, longevity candy (Kids Web Japan). Children are introduced to Japanese tradition at an early age. Then on Girls’ Day, parents with a daughter display dolls in their homes and wish for their daughter’s health and happiness (Broderick... .... It means one soup and three sides (Japanese Food and Culture Association). A meal could illustrate one’s culture and tradition. Secondly, it consists of a bowl of rice, a bowl of miso soup, pickled vegetables and fish or meat (Japanese Food and Culture Association). This shows that Japan can eat healthy because of the diversity of the food. Lastly, â€Å"Japan is a country of islands, so much of its food comes from the sea† (Ridgewell 8). Everyone knows that Japan is big on seafood. Fish is usually one of their sides. Truly, Japan has several different and exotic foods. In conclusion, there are many significant foods and celebrations in Japan. Big parts of Japanese customs are because of things like festivals and foods. Traditions are important in life because many people takes part in it and it will still be there in the future, just like it was there in the past.

Harry Potter :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Harry Potter books, by J.K. Rowling, are fun filled books with werewolves, wizards, and witches. It is a series of seven books total. The books mainly are about Harry and his ongoing conflict with becoming a wizard and dealing with his arch nemesis, Lord Voldemort.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These books would be classified as fantasy, but could be classified as also romance, action, adventure, mystery, and sci-fi. It has romance when Harry falls in love with Cho Chang, a girl in Ravenclaw, another house at Hogwarts, Harryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s school. There is action and adventure in every book (Harry fights Voldemort, discovers a werewolf, joins a tournament, etc,). Mystery rises when a mysterious person rights with blood on the wall about murder. It has a lot of sci-fi like dragons, trolls, werewolves, and dementors (soul-sucking demons).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first book, The Sorcererà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Stone, Harry first finds out heà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a wizard and finds out his parents were killed by Voldemort. He also firsts goes to Hogwarts, and defeats the spirit of Voldemort.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the second book, The Chamber of Secrets, Harry goes back to Hogwarts for the second time and then a finds a diary, sees weird writing on the wall, and battles Lord Voldemort as a kid (his name was Tom Lorov Riddle).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the third book, The Prisoner of Askaban, Harry finds out about Sirius Black, an escaped convict. He then finds out his teacher is a werewolf and Ronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rat is actually an animagus, a person who can transform into an animal (Ron is Harryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best friend and the youngest of 5 brothers).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the forth book, The Goblet of Fire, Harry returns to school and joins the tri-wizard tournament, a contest that only happened 100 years ago. He then gets transported in the middle of the final round to a cemetery where he sees Lord Voldemort get resurrected from the dead and Cedric Digory get murdered by Wormtail, Ronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rat in human form.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the fifth book, The Order of the Phoenix, Harry gets a new teacher, Dolores Umbridge, a teacher who is as sour as a pickle. She then takes over Hogwarts and bans Harry from playing Quiditch, a sport on broomsticks. Then Harry and his friends travel to The Department Of Mysteries, the place where a prophecy about him and lord Voldemort is kept. He then battles Lord Voldemort and his death eaters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The last 2 books have not been released yet but the 6th book is to be called The Half Blood Prince.

The Killing of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern :: essays research papers

The Killing of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Hamlet's own Philosophic view. In terms of Hamlet's own philosophic view, the killing of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern is very out-of-character. Hamlet is an intellectual, and therefore believes that killing is not a necessary solution (this could also relate to why he hesitates so long at killing Claudius). He does this more out of anger and revenge than out of his own will and good judgement. As somewhat of a justification he says, "Ere I could make a prologue to my brains, They had begun the play-", proving that, given time to think about his actions, he probably would not have done it. Hamlet's goal of Revenge As far as his goals of revenge go; yes this was an act of personal vengeance for Hamlet, but it did nothing to aid in his ordered revenge of his father's death. Although somewhat justifiable, as the two were conspiring with the king against him, their deaths were not very practical. It is, in fact, completely plausible that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern had no idea of the contents of the letters they carried, thus nullifying the whole point of the revenge put upon them, and putting the deaths of two innocents on Hamlet's head. If they did know what the letters contained, however, it was one of Hamlet's high points in the play. He actually accomplishes something instead of analyzing it to death, displaying the kind of action he should have taken towards killing Claudius. In Terms of Today's Moral Standards Crimes of passion are the most common crimes that result in death and Hamlets actions displayed just that. He was anger driven, and blind to reason, reacting emotionally, without thinking too much about the end results or circumstances of his deed.

Teaching Vocabulary to Young English Learners

A crucial component of learning a foreign language is the acquisition of vocabulary. For young learners, the very first words that they acquire could lay the profound basis for a better later learning of the children. This study is intended to investigate the specific application of techniques in teaching English vocabulary to young learners. I strived to investigate the current techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners and studied the difficulties that teachers encounter during this process. Oral interviews, questionnaire and observation schemes were used as useful instruments for data collection. The questionnaire-based survey aims to scrutinize teachers’ common techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners, general difficulties that they meet in teaching. Oral interviews and observations serve to elaborate on the information gathered from questionnaires and discover teachers’ opinions on how to solve arisen problem in language classroom, especially during vocabulary section. The result of this survey indicates that using flashcards in presenting, sorting tasks in practicing and sentence completion in revising vocabulary are three most preferably common techniques in teaching young learners the English vocabulary. The exploitation of combining different techniques is considered rather limited; in conclusion,, this study provides some suggestions for teachers to realize the benefits of having available activities and games in young learners’ classroom. 1. Introduction I chose this topic for my research study because I consider that for young learners, vocabulary and grammar are two essential units that require them to master at early stage. It was once claimed that â€Å"experienced teachers of English as a Second Language know very well how important vocabulary is. They know their students must learn thousands of words that speakers and writers of English use. † (Allen, 1983). The well-known linguist Wilkins, one of the leaders in language learning and teaching, indicated that â€Å"without grammar, very little could be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed† Teaching vocabulary is considered to be an add- on to teaching grammar or simply a by-product of language teaching and communicative functions. The reasons are: firstly, too many words in one sentence are believed to break its grammar structure and spoil children in learning systematic grammar; secondly, it is thought that vocabulary can be learned through experience only and therefore, there is little need for the teachers to focus much on teaching their students vocabulary; and thirdly, they put the emphasis of teaching grammar on priority to vocabulary are already taken too much of any lesson in the classroom. The basic concept of how important teaching vocabulary in class is, was not recognized until late 1970s and 1980s when people realized the necessity of vocabulary in reading comprehension (Allen: p. 5) Learning a new language with native speakers can provoke learners’ motivation and boost their confidence in quickly obtaining language step by step, native teachers, in many circumstances have to face the obstacle of slow or misbehaved students, particularly in vocabulary section. This study therefore was conducted, aiming at reviewing common techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners. . An overview of Vocabulary 2. 1. 1. Definition In order to find the best and most easy-to-understand definition of the vocabulary, is such an unfeasible task. Each linguist or scholar, in his specialized field, with his own set of criteria has found out for his own a way to define vocabulary. However, in the most popular way, Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary has applied a meaning for vocabulary as â€Å"all the words which exist in a particular language or subject. † In the context of learning English as a Foreign Language, the vital role of vocabulary is inevitable. This has been claimed by many linguists and experts in the field. Wilkins (cited in Thornbury, 2002) clearly stated that â€Å"without grammar, very little can be conveyed; without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed† (page 13). Coincidentally, H. Dellar and D. Hocking indicated that progress made from learning grammar most of the time would be much less than that from learning vocabulary. To be short and concise, when comparing the importance of grammar and vocabulary, both mentioned statement above show that most of learner’s improvement was created when the learner himself learned more words and expressions. It was also emphasized when it came to communicate that â€Å"you can say very little with grammar, but you can say almost anything with words† (Thornbury , p. 13). 2. 2. Young learners 2. 2. 1. Definition The term â€Å"young learners†, according to the author of the book An A-Z of ELT, Thornbury , â€Å"is used to describe children of pre-primary and primary school age, although it is sometimes used to include adolescents as well† (p. 250). In the same way, â€Å"young learners† as defined by Sarah Phillips (1993) are â€Å"children of formal schooling (five or six years old) to eleven or twelve years of age. † (p. 4). Teaching English to young learners, therefore, has a long history: in many multilingual countries, primary school children are taught English as preparation for secondary school, where it is the medium of instruction. In recent years, there has been a phenomenal increase in the teaching of English to young learners, in EFL context as well as in ESL, and in state school as well as in private ones (Thornbury, p. 251). 2. 2. 2. Characteristics of young learners Vocabulary knowledge is a major building block in children's early literacy development. It provides the foundation for learning to decode and comprehend text. Many children, especially English language learners, need support in acquiring the substantial vocabulary they need to become good readers. Reading books to children is one way to introduce them to a wide range of vocabulary that they may not hear in their everyday conversations with adults and peers. Young learners need to be able to transfer their understanding of words to new contexts, so that when they see or hear those words in other places they understand what they mean. Talking about words from book to book is one way of showing children how words are used in other contexts. Another way to help them see how words are used in other contexts is asking them to think about how the words apply to their own knowledge and experiences. In explaining the word freight, for example, a teacher might say, â€Å"Have you ever seen a train on the tracks? Did you notice the cars of the train? Inside of those train cars, there are lots of things that are being taken from one place to another. The stuff that is being brought from one place to another is called freight. What are some things that you think could be freight on a train? † 2. 3. Vocabulary teaching . 3. 1. Stages in teaching Vocabulary Basically as proposed by Gower (2005) and Thornbury (2002) there are three stages in teaching vocabulary namely presenting, practicing and revising. In this research, I am going to list each stage with its typical features to have a better review for further techniques followed that. 2. 3. 1. 1. Presenting The title of this very first stage has indicated clearly its funct ion in introducing new lexical items to learners. As suggested by Thornbury, learners need to learn both the meaning and the form of a new word. Therefore, as he claimed, it’s worth pointing out that both these aspects of a word should be presented in â€Å"close conjunction in order to ensure a tight meaning-and-form fit† (p. 75). If the co-writers of Teaching Practice (p. 146) immediately referred to the effectiveness of using visual aids in presenting new words, Thornbury specifically emphasized the importance of cutting down â€Å"the gap between the presentation of a word’s form and its meaning† so that learners could possibly be at ease to make a â€Å"mental connection between the two†. He also stressed some major factors, subject to which the number of words should be presented. . 3. 1. 2. Practicing Suggested by Gower, students often need a little time for the new lexical items to â€Å"sink in† (p. 148). He pointed out that learners may recognize new item but often delay putting it into active use. In this case, is of pure necessity the use of planned activities for recyclin g and reactivate the new vocabulary. This kind of practice, as implied by Thornbury (2002) underlines the popular belief that â€Å"practice makes perfect† (p. 93). He additionally emphasized the action of moving words from short-term memory into permanent memory. He emphasized that â€Å"new knowledge – i. e. new words – needs o be integrated into existing knowledge – i. e. learner’s existing network of word associations, or what is called the mental lexicon. † (p. 93). Words or lexical items need to be put to work, or into practice as it is often understood in many other contexts, in order to ensure the long-term retention and recall. Vocabulary needs to be placed in â€Å"working memory† and subjected to different operations which would be mentioned intricately in the later part of techniques in practicing vocabulary. 2. 3. 1. 3. Consolidating and Revising Checking students’ comprehension and revising those words are a final important stage in teaching this specific field. In this stage, students are advised to complete high-level tasks namely production tasks. The author of many famous books for English language teachers grouped decision-making tasks into the second stage when learners needed to decide and make their choice in facing up with already learnt items. 2. 4. Techniques in teaching vocabulary There are three main parts or namely stages in teaching vocabulary, as they are mentioned above. . 4. 1. 1. Techniques in presenting vocabulary Proposed by Doff (1988, cited in ELT Methodology II, 2009) and Thornbury (2002) and Nation (1994) a variety of techniques can be used or combined in introducing vocabulary. 2. 4. 1. 2. Techniques in practicing vocabulary Identifying tasks, involving tasks of finding words in texts. â€Å"Listen then tick the words you hear† can be one obvious example of this type. Identification is the first step in recognizing words and requires learners do easy task as counting, ticking or a bit difficult is to unscramble words as in anagram. Selecting tasks are â€Å"cognitively more complex than identification tasks†. For selecting tasks, learners will have to do recognizing words and making choices amongst them at the same time. Finding and odd one out is a common task that teachers may often use in class for checking comprehension. Learners are also requested to do matching tasks, apart from recognizing and making choice amongst words. In this kind of task, learners may need to pair a set of given words to a â€Å"visual representation, for example, or to a translation, a synonym/antonym, a definition or a collocate. (p. 97) Learners are being asked to do sorting tasks, by grouping words into different categories. It should be noted that the categories can be given in advance or learners have to guess what the categories are. 2. 4. 1. 3. Games Games are one indispensable advice for many teachers not only in English teaching but also in the field of language teaching. Instead of listing common word games, I wil l discuss the function and effectiveness of using games in teaching vocabulary as a major topic. Drawn upon the characteristics of young learner, one typical characteristic of them is moving around almost all of the times and cannot be sitting quietly for more than five minutes. Yet they can be often keen on word games with a variety of options and movements. Especially in the context of teaching English to Romanian learners who are often labeled as inactive and afraid of risk-taking learning, games are said to be an extrinsic motivation for them to participate actively in the lesson. Games bring in relaxation and fun for students, thus help them learn and retain new words more easily. Secondly, games usually involve friendly competition and they keep learners interested. These create the motivation for learners of English to get involved and participate actively in learning activities. Thirdly, vocabulary games bring real world context into the classroom, and enhance learners’ use of English in a flexible, communicative way. Advantages of using games in learning vocabulary were indicated by showing that games not only helped and encouraged learners to sustain their interest but also gave teachers a helping hand in creating contexts. This is particularly true when learners need useful and meaningful contexts to better their understanding of new words or in general, lexical items. 2. 5. Difficulties in teaching vocabulary This study, concerning the issue of constraints encountered by teachers, deliberately focuses on finding external factors, that is to say factors related to teachers themselves are spared for a larger scale research. In this case, difficulties in teaching vocabulary are said to often arise from the nature of vocabulary itself. The very first difficulty recognized in teaching words is the matter of whether to teach form first hen meaning or meaning first then form later. Another matter deterred by many researchers is about the mistakes that learners often make when learning vocabulary. External factors can be seen from the different levels of learners in one class; class size can grow to unexpectedly big; learners keep using their first language and more importantly students appear to be uncooperative. Those factors once happen in class can negatively hinder the efficiency of both presenting and practicing new words; additionally badly affect teacher’s plan and demotivate many activities performed by him/her (Harmer: p. 27). 2. 5. 1 Proposed activities and games in order to make a lesson vivid 2. 5. 1. 1 Proposed activities: Bingo: is useful for checking students’ comprehension and pronunciation of the old vocabulary. Teacher gets the class to brainstorm a list of ten or fifteen new words and puts them on the board. Students choose any five and copy them into a piece of paper. Teacher reads out the words. Each time having one word that teacher reads, students put a tick or cross that word. The one to have five ticks or crosses shouts â€Å"Bingo† and the game can continue. Word associations: Teacher writes a topic in the middle of the board and gets students to think about words that associate with it. In case students cannot think of as many words as expected, teacher can ask question to provoke answers that may enlighten students’ ideas. Half a crossword: this activity is to get students to use sentence for asking the meaning of a word. Students work in pair, each receives half a crossword. One student, in order to get the answers for the missing half has to ask the other either to act or give a definition of the word. Pictionary: Teacher can utilize it as a fun activity in class. Class can be divided into two big groups. Each time, one person in the group, after receiving one word/phrase from the teacher has to turn to his/her group to draw so as to get the group guess correctly the word. Members take turns to draw and the activity can be played twice but should be not too long. 2. 5. 1. 2 Proposed games: Board sentence making: the rule is quite easy to follow and it is specially created to increase team work as well as the acquisition of words. The class is divided into two teams; each team is given six to seven small white boards. Teacher writes a word on the big board, each team has to make a sentence using the given word. Each word of the sentence must lie in each small board that the team is provided. Categories: Young learners work in pairs or small groups. On a piece of paper, they draw up a number of columns, according to a model on the board, each column labeled with the name of a lexical set: e. g. fruit, animals, transport, clothes. The teacher calls out a letter, B for example, students write down as many words as they can beginning with that letter in the separate columns (banana, bus, blouses, bat, †¦). The group with the most correct words wins. Drawing/ miming or explaining: this is a game played with the dice. Each time, representative from one of the two teams in the class has to throw the dice to know whether they have to draw (if throw 1-2), mime (3- 4) or explain (5-6) the word that teacher gives them. It can create a fun learning environment when students really don’t want to explain but they throw 5 instead. Hammer: the aim of the game is to get students quickly operate words that they have learnt in class. Students stand in a circle, teacher stands in the middle of the circle, holding the paper hammer. Teacher can give a topic himself or ask students to choose one topic in which every one in the class has to take turn call out a word belonging to given topic. Anyone who cannot give one word will be hit on the head with the hammer. The last person to stay is the winner. Pronunciation race: In this game, class is divided into small groups. Each group sends a representative to the board. The teacher gives the rest of the group a small grid of words which they use to pronounce to the member at the board. Once hearing the word, that member has to write down the word he/she gets. The team with most of the correct words wins. Spelling race: Class is divided into two teams. For each time teacher writes a scrambled word on board and two representatives from each team have to race to the board and write the correct spelling of the word. Each correct word wins the team a point. The team with the most points wins. Stop the bus: In the same way as Categories, students write labeled column. When teacher calls out a letter, C for example, students have to find one word which starts with letter C and belongs to provided category. The first group to find all words shouts â€Å"Stop the bus†. The other teams have to stop. Teacher checks accuracy and spelling. Word Bang: This game can be used best to check students’ understanding of old vocabulary in class. The class stands in a circle and teacher stands in the middle holding a set of flashcards (make sure that students know all the cards in advance). Each time, two students compete each other to shout out loud the name of the card that teacher shows in front of them. The quicker is the winner. The game continues until there is only one student left, who is also the winner of the game. Word snap: It has the aim to get as many pairs of words as possible. Divide class to work in pairs or small groups. Each pair/group receives a set of words and pictures which correspond to the words. Each time one student face up two cards, if they match he will take them, if they don’t, he has to put them face back down. Turn goes to the next person. The one who gets the most pairs win. 3. Conclusion As the title of the paper suggests, this study has its focal point in investigating the current implementation of techniques used in teaching vocabulary to young learners, accompanied by difficulties and solutions. As a conclusion, common techniques in teaching vocabulary to young learners can be divided into three groups. For presenting new words, using flashcards and miming are preferred by most of teachers. In getting students to practice the words they have learnt, grouping words into certain categories preferably outnumbers the other techniques. For the final stage in teaching vocabulary – revising, most of the teachers say that they have been familiarized with sentence and text completion rather than that of creation. Finally, this research proposes some compiled games and activities that might be helpful for teachers’ repertoire. 4. Summary: Scopul acestui studiu este acela de a sublinia importanta invatarii vocabularului, de catre tineri, inca din faza incipienta. Am incercat sa prezint cateva idei, despre ceea ce inseamna predarea vocabularului si implementarea tehnicilor folosite in predare, alaturi de dificultatile intampinate cat si solutii pentru reusita. Definirea vocabularului poate fi inteleasa prin, totalitatea cuvintelor ce alcatuiesc o limba. Prin elev tanar ne referim la acea categorie de copii cuprinsa intre 5-12 ani. Ca si concluzie, cele mai folosite tehnici in predarea vocabularului tinerilor elevi pot fi impartite in trei grupe(prezentare, exersare si recapitulare). In prezentarea noilor termeni( cuvinte), folosirea cartonaselor ilustrate si mima este cel mai des intalnit procedeu. In a-i face pe elevi sa exerseze cuvinte invatate, gruparea cuvintelor pe anumite categorii este cea mai de succes metoda folosita.. In ceea ce priveste etapa finala in predarea vocabularului –recapitularea, majoritatea profesorilor spun ca au fost obisnuiti cu finalizarea propozitiilor si a textelor, decat cea a crearii. Spre finalul lucrarii am incercat sa descriu cateva jocuri si activitati care ar putea fi de folos in alcatuirea portofoliului unui profesor.

Report on Shahjalal Islami Bank Limited Essay

Introduction1.1 Preface titanicly by the word vernacular we give the bounce easily understand that the fiscal foundation directs with money. exactly there be diverse types of deposits like Central Banks, commercial-grade Banks, nest egg Banks, investiture Banks, Industrial Banks, Co-operative Banks etc. But when we use the term Bank with out(p) any(prenominal) prefix, or qualification, it refers to the technical sticks. mercantile strands be the primary contri aloneors to the providence of a country. So we can say Commercial shore is a profit-making unveiling that holds the deposits of individuals & vexation in checking & savings accounts and then uses these funds to influence loans. For these passel and the goernment is very a right(a) deal dep cobblers las disco biscuitt on these banks as the pecuniary intermediary. As banks argon profit -earning stir they realise deposit at the utmost possible approach and run loans and advances at higher(prenomina l) cost. The differences surrounded by deuce argon the profit for the bank.Banking sphere is string outing its hand in contrasting fiscal change surfacets every daytime. At the same time the banking ferment is bonny faster, easier and the banking bena is becoming wider. As the fill for better table dish up out products day by day, they argon coming with different modernistic ideas & products. In order to survive in the competitive field of the banking sector, al unitedly banking organizations are looking for better service opportunities to provide their fellow lymph glands. As a result, it has gravel essential for every person to constitute some idea on the bank and banking procedure.Internship curriculum is essential for every disciple, especially for the schoolchilds of Business Administration, which helps them to know the real smell situation. For this reason a student wads the internship program at the last stage of the BBA Program, to lay out a career wit h some unimaginative experience.The Banking Companies Ordinance was promulgated on the heptadth June 1962. This has been adopted in Bangladesh and is applicable to the banking companies only. secret code of this ordinance shall apply to a co-operative Securities deed of conveyance (1912).Shahjalal Islami Bank Limited has a mental imagery and mission to improve the fiscal sector of Bangladesh i.e. frugalal condition of Bangladesh by providing in force(p) and innovative banking and monetary product in pecuniary merchandise. However, in every economy of the existence financial sector is super regulated sector. Therefore, financial products of every bank are almost same as same law & regulations regulate them. Commercial Banks, as the very name indicates, right primarily as deposit takers and l demiseers to portion out and commerce. But through a historical process, these Banks are now also booked in long fair and brusk term industrial lending, outlandish finance including instruction financing. Commercial Banks are of trinity types Nationalized, Local orphic and Foreign Commercial Banks.1.2 Background of the hearThe BBA program (Stamford University Bangladesh) is knowing to focus on theoretical and paid development of people open to take up business as a profession as hygienic as service as a career. This internship provides the students to bind up their theoretical knowledge into applicative fields. This report is prepared for the internship program consisting of a major in depth accept of the overall activities of Shahjalal Islami Bank in banana tree kickoff. This program enables a student to develop his analytical skill and pedant aptitude.1.3 Rational of the psychoanalyseIn todays modern and globularization conception, business sector is competitive. Theoretical knowledge is non enough for a business student because there is a gap mingled with theoretical knowledge and practical field. It is more(prenominal) compe titive in the financial institution like bank. Now a days local banks are playacting a key role for sparing increase and development of the country. In that encase Shahjalal Islami Bank is playing a open role for structural development of the country. This memorize of importly covered the areas of performance of Shahjalal Islami bank, its go, types of deposits, remittance, loans & advance, convalescence constitution and its growth.1.4 Objective of the believe1.4.1 ecumenical impersonalsThe command objectives of the study are To meet the requirement for the achievement of (BBA) program. The general objective of this report is to fulfill the requirement for the completion of (BBA) program through internship report. To acquire practical experience in different banking run of Shahjalal Islami bank. Understand the Islamic Sharia establish General Banking, Foreign Exchange and Investment Management of Shahjalal Islami Bank.1.4.2 Specific ObjectivesThe Specific objective s of the study are To make a noseband between the theories and practical procedures of banking day-to-day executions. To ruck knowledge about the transaction of different department of the branch. To familiar with banking environment, clients, working hours, hold dears, conditions and some rawfound(prenominal) things related to bank To understand boon an overview of Shahjalal Islami bank1.5 Scope of the studyAn al-Qaida of the organization has been detailed, accompanied by a global perspective and look into the future. The range of mountains of this report is limited to the overall interpretation of the company, its authority, and its position in the market and its market st esteemgy. The scope of the study is limited to organizational setup, functions, and performances for customer satisfaction.The study would focus on the pastime areas General Banking of Shahjalal Islami bank Ltd. absolution and clearing section of SJIBL. Credit operation of Shahjalal Islami bank Ltd. Foreign Trade of Shahjalal Islami bank Ltd.Each of the above areas would be unfavorablely analyzed in order to put the service quality of the bank.1.6 Methodology of the studyDifferent selective education and information are required to meet the goal of this report. Those data and information were accumulate from various sources, much(prenominal) as, primary and secondary which is showed below info AnalysisFor the analysis purpose I guide basically undergone some financial analysis and also judged some soft factors liable for the Shahjalal islami bank position in banking sector. To continue the study, I hire collected the useful data by devil methods 1) Conceptual approach.2) Empirical approach.These two data analysis techniques provided independently derived information that could be crosschecked, thus enhancing validity.Sources of collecting dataThe information incorpo localized in this report has been self-possessed from primary and secondary sources. Apart f rom this, a review of related circular and component part circular as well as face-to-face interview of the executives, officials and clients were carried out.1.7 Limitation of the studyThere is a certain confines to cover this study. It was non possible payable to shortage of time to cover from each one and every activity performed by the bank. So the study has covered only the General banking workivities of Shahjalal Islami bank Limited. Like any some new(prenominal) articles and theories, this study is non free from limitations. I cave in tried my level better(p) to overcome these limitations through extensive study, unexpressed and sincere devotion to the assigned duty. The major limitations are I complete my internship in a small town branch, Banani branch. So I dont obtain the proper information which I need. The bank personnel and officials were very busy with their occupational activities. Hence it was little bit concentrated for them to help within their hig h schedule. applicable data and document collection were rocky due to the organization confidentiality.Chapter Twoboilersuit Banking System2.1 Banking EnvironmentDuring 2008, Bangladesh witnessed higher pompousness that affected life of common people, wear down unrest in garments sector- the highest contri unlessor in export sector affected stinting activities and business operations.Higher import cost of commodity prices, price hike in international oil market as well as money and assent growth resulted in higher inflation. As a result, the economy of the country showed every sign of recession. Despite this numerous adversities, unlikable the balance sheet of the Bank with an tremendous per-tax profit of TK. 1216 million with excellent growth rate of 54.44% while the whole financial sector faced a slowdown. This quotation worthy achievement has been possible due to our professional smoothness and confidence.2.2 Global bankingIn the mid-seventies, a number of small crash es level(p) to the policies put in crop following the depression, resulted in deregulation and privatization of brass-owned enterprises in the 1980s, indicating that governments of industrial countries around the world found hole-and-corner(a)-sector solutions to problems of economic growth and development preferable to state-operated, semi-socialist programs. This spurred a trend that was already prevalent in the business sector, large companies becoming global and dealing with customers, providers, manufacturing, and information centers all over the world. Global banking and capital market serve proliferated during the 1980s and 1990s as a result of a great increase in demand from companies, governments, and financial institutions, but also because financial market conditions were blithe and, on the whole, bullish. Interest rates in the United States declined from about 15% for bi socio-economic classly U.S. Treasury nones to about 5% during the 20-year period, and financia l assets grew then at a rate approximately twice the rate of the world economy.such(prenominal) growth rate would have been lower, in the last twenty years, were it non for the profound effects of the internationalization of financial markets especially U.S. Foreign enthronizations, particularly from Japan, who not only provided the funds to corporations in the U.S., but also helped finance the federal government thus, transforming the U.S. stock market by faraway into the largest in the world. Nevertheless, in young years, the command of U.S. financial markets has been disappearing and there has been an change magnitude interest in distant stocks. The exceptional growth of foreign financial markets results from two large increases in the pool of savings in foreign countries, such as Japan, and, especially, the deregulation of foreign financial markets, which has enabled them to expand their activities. thus, American corporations and banks have started seeking investment o pportunities abroad, prompting the development in the U.S. of shared funds specializing in trading in foreign stock markets. Such increase internationalization and opportunity in financial services has unblemishedly changed the competitive landscape, as now many banks have demonstrate a preference for the universal banking fashion simulation prevalent in Europe. Universal banks are free to engage in all forms of financial services, make investments in client companies, and function as much as possible as a one-stop supplier of both retail and whole barter financial services. Many such possible alignments could be accomplished only by large acquisitions, and there were many of them. By the end of 2000, a year in which a infix level of financial services transactions with a market value of $10.5 trillion occurred, the top ten banks commanded a market share of more than 80% and the top five, 55%.Of the top ten banks ranked by market share, seven were large universal-type banks ( three American and four European), and the remain three were large U.S. investment banks who between them accounted for a 33% market share. This growth and opportunity also led to an unexpected outcome entrance into the market of other financial intermediaries nonbanks. Large corporate players were commence to find their way into the financial service community, offering competition to established banks. The main services offered include insurances, pension, mutual, money market and hedge funds, loans and credits and securities. Indeed, by the end of 2001 the market capitalization of the worlds 15 largest financial services providers included four nonbanks.In recent years, the process of financial innovation has advanced staggeringly increasing the importance and profitability of nonbank finance. Such profitability priory restricted to the nonbanking industry, has prompted the Office of the comptroller of the Currency (OCC) to encourage banks to explore other financial instrument s, diversifying banks business as well as improving banking economic wellness. Hence, as the distinct financial instruments are existence explored and adopted by the banking and nonbanking industries, the distinction between different financial institutions is gradually vanishing.2.3 boilersuit Banking SectorFinancial sector reforms to change the regulatory and supervisory framework for banks do headway in 2006 although at a slower than expected pace. Overall health of the banking frame showed improvement since 2002 as the piggish Non-performing Loans (NPL) declined from 28 per centum to 14 percent while net NPL (less Provision) reduced to 8 percent from 21 percent. This led substantial improvement in the profitability ratios. Although the Private Commercial Banks (PCB) NPL ratio registered a record low of 6 percent, the four Nationalized Commercial Banks (NCB) position are still unaccented and showed very high NPL at 25 percent. The NCBs have large capital shortfalls with a risk-weighted capital asset ratio of honorable 0.5 percent (June 2006) as against the required 9 percent. For the PCBs risk-weighted capital asset ratio stood at 10 percent.Bangladesh Bank issued a good number of prudent guidelines during the year 2006 and the runner puff of 2007 which among others relate to (i) Rationalization of prudential norms for loan classification and provisioning, (ii) Policy for rescheduling of loans,(iii) scheming and enforcing an integrated credit risk grading manual,(iv) Credit rating of the banks, and(v) Revisions to the paper of Tier- 2capital.Besides, recent decision of the Government to corporatize the rest three NCBs along with the initiative to sale the Rupali Bank are bound to present in changes in the banking sector engagement aspect. Bangladesh Bank has also taken up the task of implementing the Basel II capital accord. Further, the recent enactment of the Micro-credit Regulatory Authority Act (MRAA) for the regulation of the Micro Fin ance Institutions (MFI) has been a major development in the year 2006. Since 1998 CAMEL rating of banks gradually improved and in 2006 Bangladesh Bank updated this rating model by incorporating the market risk and the new model is known as CAMELS.2.4 Banking System of BangladeshThe banking trunk at independence consisted of two branch offices of the former State Bank of Pakistan and cardinal large commercial banks, two of which were controlled by Bangladeshi interests and three by foreigners other than West Pakistanis. There were fourteen smaller commercial banks. Virtually all banking services were concentrated in urban areas. The saucily independent government immediately designated the capital of Bangladesh branch of the State Bank of Pakistan as the central bank and named it the Bangladesh Bank. The bank was responsible for regulating currency, controlling credit and monetary policy, and administering exchange control and the official foreign exchange reserves. The Bangladesh government initially nationalized the entire domestic banking remains and proceeded to reorganize and rename the various banks. Foreign-owned banks were permitted to continue doing business in Bangladesh. The insurance business was also nationalized and became a source of potential investment funds. accommodating credit systems and postal savings offices handled service to small individual and rural accounts.The new banking system succeeded in establishing reasonably high-octane procedures for managing credit and foreign exchange. The primary function of the credit system throughout the 1970s was to finance trade and the public sector, which together absorbed 75 percent of match advances. The transformation of finance priorities has brought with it problems in administration. No sound project-appraisal system was in place to identify viable borrowers and projects. Lending institutions did not have adequate autonomy to guide borrowers and projects and were often instructed by t he political authorities.In addition, the incentive system for the banks stressed disbursements kinda than recoveries, and the accounting and debt collection systems were inadequate to deal with the problems of loan recovery. It became more common for borrowers to neglectfulness on loans than to repay them the lending system was simply disbursing grant assistance to private individuals who qualified for loans more for political than for economic reasons. The rate of recovery on agricultural loans was only 27 percent in FY 1986, and the rate on industrial loans was even worse. As a result of this misfortunate showing, major donors applied pressure to arrive the government and banks to take firmer action to strengthen.2.5 stance of Islamic Banking SystemBanking plays a arctic role in the development processes of a country. It helps accelerate the pace of development by securing uninterrupted supply of financial resources to people engaged in numerous economic activities. The trem endous development that the present world experienced in the last a couple of(prenominal) decades was contributed by several(prenominal) factors among which growing institutional supply of loanable funds must have played the pivotal role. The role of banking is like to what an artery system does in tender body. Banks both commercial and another development financial institution provide short, medium and long -term credits to businessperson and entrepreneurs who normally take the lead in ventures of economic development.Institutional supply of credits has been make possible by a system of financial intermediation organized in a way where stodgy banks collect small saving from the public by offering them a fixed rate of interest and advancing the loanable funds out of the deposited money to enterprising clients charging relatively higher rate of interest.The margin between these two rates is banks income. Bank provides many other services to the people against service charges as w ell. Despite the corking contribution of ceremonious banking system (interest-based), several ancient and modern economists are critical about its efficiency level. Some economists fancy role of interest in the conventional banking mechanism as a major destabilizing factor that contributes to cyclical fluctuations in the economy. Specifically, the ineffectuality of interest rate as a stabilization tool during the period of with child(p) depression is a case to note. Thus most of the economists called for urgent reform of the dry land Economies Order.In response though not exactly to that exigency but for kind of a few other reason, a new system of banking known as Profit-Loss-Sharing has emerged in as many as 45 countries of the world. Another study provides a list of 248 Islamic financial institutions that are now in operation in different parts of the world. The second one-half of the twentieth century witnessed a understandably separate line of thinking on banking. The th ought later on got institutionalized at the end of third quarter and subsequently emerged as a new system of banking called Islamic Banking. At this stage, it is beta to note the factors responsible for the emergence of profit-loss-sharing (PLS) system of banking. There are religious as well as economic reasons that have contributed to the emergence of PLS-banking as an alternative to its conventional counterpart. It is the prohibition of riba in the Holy account book that, according to the proponents of the PLS-system, was the source of inspiration for establishing Banks in line with Islamic shariah.