Lord of the Flies and Animal Farm Comparison - 1531 Words

These two books, despite the vastly different themes and story lines, both display similar meanings. Orwells story tells of farmyard disorder and the fatal lives of a group of farmyard animals. It is just as politically minded as Goldings tale of a life or death situation for a group of boys stranded on an island left with the supposed task of installing democracy into their new lives. The two books display themes of a slightly similar nature. They both focus on certain points, they both revolve around vague diplomacy, and democracy and sovereignty and both shed an eye opening, frightening light on drastic realities like in ‘Animal Farm where executions went on repeatedly. They show that the world that we live in is†¦show more content†¦Ã‚‘He whispered They used to call me ‘Piggy! Ralph shrieked with laughter. Squealer, however, learns to use his brains to manipulate the rest of the animals, who are perhaps not as clever as him. His ‘complex tales and s tories are used to deceive his fellow comrades, and without him you wonder if Napoleons power would be upheld, or even seized in the first place. In more than one instances Squealer twists the truth, to sect both his and his leaders means. Now when Squealer described the scene so graphically, it seemed to the animals that they did remember it. This is similar to the time when Jack uses the imagery of the ‘Beast to win the other boys obedience. Squealers persuasive character provides him any easy opportunity to turn a lie into a supposed truth. Piggy, however, fails to show this ability, and this is proved when he fails to uphold Ralphs leadership over the other boys. Piggy fails to take advantage of his obviously smart mind. The language used in both books has to be vastly different to allow the stories to be effective. In Animal Farm, the story line of a group of animals running a farm means that in order for this to be justifiable, the animals have to be very clever an d adult. The animals, particularly the ones like Napoleon, display great knowledge, and in some cases, common sense and ethics. They understand about propaganda knowing they must send out more and more pigeons to stir up aShow MoreRelatedThe Comparison of Themes Between Lord of the Flies and Animal Farm 2291 Words   |  10 PagesThe Comparison of Themes between Lord of the Flies and Animal Farm The author of Animal Farm, Orwell, tells a story of a farmyard tragedy and the deadly lives of a group of animals. Due to the disappearance of humans, Napoleon abuses his power and gradually transforms into a human. Orwell also used animals to clarify that humans are corrupted due to power. 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If there are tensions in between families of a clan or within a family, witchcraft might be used out of greed or revengeRead MoreEl Chupacabra: Legend or Beast4916 Words   |  20 Pagesstories about a strange, blood-sucking, goat-eating dog-like monster appear in many scholarly articles, journals, and books causing mass hysteria. With several misconceptions, witnesses believe the Chupacabra preyed on and mutilated goats and other farm animals. Articles, journals, books, and people’s stories have often compared and described the Chupacabra as a vampire from outer space. Without proper research and knowledge, people draw conclusions of such c reatures, but in time came to find such misconceptionsRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesthey are not always (see below). Figurative Language Figurative language involves a comparison between two things--a literal term, or the thing being compared, and a figurative term, or the thing to which the literal term is being compared. 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Martin Luther the Reformer Free Essays

Commonly referred to as, â€Å"The Father of Protestantism† (Funk and Wagnalls 337), â€Å"Martin Luther was born into a world dominated by the Catholic Church† (www. pbs. org). We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Luther: the Reformer or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Luther had no intention of opposing the authority of Rome† (Funk and Wagnalls 336) but God had other plans. Martin Luther, who â€Å"was named after St Martin† (www. pbs. org) was born on November 10th, 1483 (Thulin 11). Mansfeld was his hometown, although he was born in Eisleben (Thulin 11). His parents moved to Mansfeld, to improve his father’s job prospect, in 1484 right after Luther’s birth (Thulin 12). After moving to Mansfeld, Luther’s father, Hans, became a miner (Thulin 11). â€Å"By 1491 the Luthers were one of the most respected families in Mansfeld† (www. pbs. org). Luther himself stayed in Mansfeld until 1496 (Thulin 12). Luther came from a family of peasants, (Thulin 11) his â€Å"parents were simple folk† (Erikson 54) and are described as â€Å"a pair of hardworking and pious Germans† (www. pbs. org). Martin’s father was the son of a farmer and â€Å"ruled his son with an iron fist† (www. pbs. org). In fact, Luther said â€Å"My father once whipped me so hard I ran away – I hated him until he finally managed to win me back† (www. bs. org). His mother, Margaret Luther, (Thulin 11) â€Å"came from a small but very well-off family† (www. pbs. org). Margaret is also described as â€Å"a harsh disciplinarian† (www. pbs. org). Luther said on the subject of parents, â€Å"When God wants to speak with us, he do es not avail himself of an angel but of parents† (www. pbs. org). Luther’s parents had high hopes for their first son (www. pbs. org). They wanted him to become a lawyer because his father thought that â€Å"a man of Martin’s gifts trained in the law would rise even higher in the social scale† (Green 34). Luther â€Å"resented his father’s attempt to dominate his life and to push him into a career which he had selected for him† (Green 35), but he complied with his parents’ wishes (www. pbs. org). When Luther, out of terror, made a vow to become a monk his father was completely devastated (Bainton 21, www. pbs. org). In fact, â€Å"He did not tell his father of his final decision until he was behind the friary walls† (Green 35). Luther was educated in the schools of Eisenach and Magdeburg and in 1501, at the age of 17, he entered the University of Erfurt (Funk and Wagnalls 335, Erikson 24). Luther received his master’s degree at 21, in 1505 (Erikson 24). Years later in 1512, at 28, he â€Å"became a doctor of theology† (Erikson 24). That same year he was made professor of Biblical Literature and the year after he became a priest he became â€Å"a lecturer at the University of Wittenberg† (Funk and Wagnalls 335). On July 2nd of 1505 Luther experienced an event that would change his life forever (Thulin 16). â€Å"†¦ caught in a thunderstorm, terrified by the possibility of imminent death†¦ † (www. pbs. org) he cried out to St. Anne for help and vowed to become a monk (Bainton 21). Later that same year, at the age of 23, he entered the monastery (Erikson 24). Luther, in the summer of 1506, â€Å"became a fully-professed friar† (Green 37) and he celebrated his first mass in the Augustinian monastery in 1507 (Thulin 17). Although his Father did not approve of him becoming a monk, Hans went to great expense to make this occasion a festive day (Thulin 17). Luther was a devout monk for 20 years (Thulin 17, Simon 3). â€Å"As young monk Luther was obsessed with atoning for his sins† (www. pbs. org. com). He lived a holy life in the monastery, embracing â€Å"the rules of his order with unstinted zeal† (Green 37). From 1512 to 1513 Luther, spiritually uneasy, moved theologically away from orthodox teaching† (Green 45). He became â€Å"increasingly doubtful that the Church can actually offer him salvation at all† this is when he discovers that only â€Å"his own individual faith will guarantee his salvation† (www. pbs. org). Lut her â€Å"turns on the Church, attacking its practice of selling indulgences† (www. pbs. org). â€Å"It was his deliberate intention to prove that the doctrine of indulgences contravened the teaching of the Gospel† (Green 59). Although he â€Å"had no intention of†¦ ausing a schism in the church† (Funk and Wagnalls 336), â€Å"Luther had†¦ very little idea of where his criticisms were likely to lead him† (Green 59). He attacked the selling of indulgences in the 95 theses, which he nailed â€Å"to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg† in 1517 at the age of 32 (www. pbs. org, Funk and Wagnalls 336, Erikson 24). This action is regarded as the beginning of the Protestant Reformation (Funk and Wagnalls 336). In April of 1523, nine nuns arrived in Wittenberg (Thulin 85). They had escaped from a nunnery in empty fish barrels to take refuge in Wittenberg (www. bs. org). â€Å"Luther felt responsible to find for them all homes, husbands, o r positions of some sort† (Bainton 287). The last nun he placed was one named Katherine von Bora (Bainton 287). Hans had a great desire for Luther to â€Å"pass on the name† and it was suggested that Luther should marry Katherine when he had trouble placing her, but he did not take this suggestion seriously (Bainton 288). But just two years after her arrival, in May of 1525, Luther said that he wanted to marry Katherine before his death (Bainton 288). So, â€Å"†¦ choing a trend across Europe as former nuns and monks married†¦ † (www. pbs. org), Martin Luther and Katherine von Bora were married on June 13th, 1525 (Thulin 95). At 42, Luther â€Å"was beyond the customary age for marriage† and â€Å"Katherine was 16 years younger than† her husband at a youthful 26 (www. pbs. org, Bainton 288). Luther said, â€Å"There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage† (www. pbs. org). H e also thought that â€Å"the man is the head of the wife because he was created first† (Bainton 299). Katherine von Bora was born in 1499 and her mother died soon after her birth (www. pbs. org, Bainton 291). Her father entered her into â€Å"the convent school of the Benedictine order† in 1504 and in 1508 she entered into the convent of Nimbschen (www. pbs. org). Just a few years later, in 1515 she took her vows (www. pbs. org). It was quite a task for Katherine to take care of Luther, considering he was often sick (Bainton 292, 293). After a while, Katherine became quite the doctor, in fact, the Luther household became the hospital of Wittenberg during times of epidemic (Simon 335). Luther said, â€Å"There is a lot to get used to in the first year of marriage† (Bainton 290); this is probably because Katherine took over the Luther household (www. pbs. org). â€Å"It is said that Dr. Luther did not have a clue how to run a household†, this is when Katherine stepped in and took over the household expenses (www. pbs. org). Since neither Katherine nor Luther had any money when they married (Bainton 291), and Luther wasn’t given a wage (www. pbs. org), to provide for the family, â€Å"In 1526 he installed a lathe, and learned woodworking† (Bainton 291). He â€Å"also housed students in his home to help the† family finances (www. pbs. org). On October 21, 1525 when Luther told a friend that Katherine was pregnant he said she was fulfilling the verse Genesis 1:28 (Bainton 293). Katherine bore six children in eight years, 3 boys and 3 girls (Bainton 291, 293 Simon 334). Martin and Katherine’s first child was a son, called Hans, born on June 7, 1526 (Bainton 293). A daughter, Elizabeth Luther was born on December 10, 1527, but on August 3rd of the next year, Elizabeth Luther died (Bainton 293, Thulin 103). On December 17, 1529 Magdalena Luther was born and nearly two years later Katherine gave birth to a son, who was named Martin Luther on November 9, 1531 (Bainton 293). Next was another son, Paul Luther on January 28, 1533, who later became a doctor, and finally Margaretha Luther was born to Martin and Katherine on December 17, 1534 (Bainton 292, 293). Sadly, on September 20th Martin Luther held Magdalena, his 14 year-old daughter, in his arms as she died (Bainton 304, Thulin 122). Life in the Luther house might have been somewhat hectic considering the â€Å"Luthers brought up four orphaned children from among relatives† (Bainton 294). Luther thought that â€Å"Children are subject to parents and especially to the father† (Bainton 299). Luther and Katherine are described as diligent parents, their children were well-disciplined, but in a loving way (www. pbs. org). â€Å"Luther doted on his large family† and although the house was always full â€Å"Their home was noted for its liveliness and its happiness† (www. pbs. org). Luther battled his whole life against depression (Bainton 362). â€Å"This man who so undergirded others with faith had for himself a perpetual battle for faith† (Bainton 359). â€Å"Luther felt that his depressions were necessary† (Bainton 362). These depressions were always about the same thing, the â€Å"loss of faith that God† was good to him, but Luther’s greatest problem came from how he should overcome his depressions (Bainton 361). He once said that â€Å"during the first year in the monastery the Devil is very quiet† this was not true later in Luther’s life (Bainton 37). Luther said, â€Å"When I go to bed, the Devil is always waiting for me† and he would even have direct encounters with the Devil himself (Bainton 362). Luther had a great enthusiasm for music (Bainton 340). â€Å"His interest in the arts was unusual among the reformers† (Funk and Wagnalls 337). He was â€Å"An accomplished Lute player† and he brought out a hymnbook in 1524 (www. pbs. org, Bainton 345). Luther’s most well known hymn is â€Å"A Mighty Fortress† which he wrote in the year of his deepest depression (Bainton 370). On February 14th, a few days before his death, Luther wrote his last letter to his wife (Thulin 127). He died later that month in the year 1546 at Eisleben and â€Å"was buried in the Castle Church of Wittenberg† (Thulin 128, Funk and Wagnalls 337). Luther never intended to become the Reformer for which he is remembered, in fact â€Å"Few people had heard of Martin Luther before he posted the 95 theses to the door of the Castle Church† (Green 9). He opposed the Catholic Church, â€Å"the most powerful institution of the day† (www. pbs. org), and is known as one of, if not, the most influential people in the history of the Christian Church. Works Cited Bainton, Roland H. Here I Stand: A Life Of Martin Luther. Abingdon-Cokesbury Press: New York. 1950 Erikson, Erik H.. Young Man Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History. W. W. Norton Company Inc. : New York. 1962 Green, V. H. H.. Luther and the Reformation. B. T. Batsford LTD. : London. 1964 http://www. pbs. org 2003 Devillier Donegan Enterprises. February 1, 2009 [http://www. pbs. org/empires/martinluther/about_driv. html] http://www. pbs. org 2003 Devillier Donegan Enterprises. February 1, 2009 [http://www. pbs. org/empires/martinluther/char_parents. html] http://www. pbs. rg 2003 Devillier Donegan Enterprises. February 1, 2009 [http://www. pbs. org/empires/martinluther/char_wife. html] http://www. pbs. org 2003 Devillier Donegan Enterprises. February 1, 2009 [http://www. pbs. org/empires/martinluther/cheats. html] â€Å"LUTHER, Martin† Funk Wagnalls New Encyclopedia. Funk and Wagnalls, Inc. : New York 1979 Simon, Edith. Luther Alive: Martin Luther and the Making of the Reformation. Doub leday Company, INC. : New York. 1968 Thulin, Oskar. A Life Of Luther: Told in Pictures and Narrative by the Reformer and His Contemporaries. Fortress Press: Philadelphia. 1966 How to cite Martin Luther: the Reformer, Papers

Cheating in School free essay sample

â€Å"Absolutely no cheating will be tolerated in this class.† This phrase (and variations of this phrase) is well known to students; the phrase appears in bold, italicized, or underlined font in almost every high school class syllabus. Cheating is generally frowned upon, whether it be cheating in a game of cards, or â€Å"cheating through college.† The definition of cheating is clearly a broad one. Cheating is defined on Wikipedia as â€Å"an immoral way of achieving a goal† which is â€Å"generally used for the breaking of rules to gain unfair advantage in a competitive situation.† By default, this definition of cheating already includes many instances of cheating, such as cheating in sports, games, relationships, and academia. Academic cheating can include cheating on exams, plagiarism of essays, or cheating on homework. These are the forms of cheating that are intolerable in classes, according to syllabi. All throughout high school, I never understood why cheating on homework was made into such a significant issue. After all, homework assignments aren’t an accurate representation of the knowledge of a student; exams, on the other hand, are the true test of knowledge. Every day, I would notice students around me cheat on homework. Someone would ask a classmate to copy a physics worksheet, while another would be frantically copying math homework before the start of class. I would constantly see students using Yahoo! Answers and Chegg to find answers to homework assignments. Cheating on homework assignments seemed to be the norm. Yet, cheating on assignments was often discouraged by many teachers. One day, a friend and I were discussing this very topic. He informed me that one of his teachers caught two students cheating on an assignment. Apparently, the worksheets of the students were so similar there was no doubt that one student copied from the other. The teacher, after realizing this, decided to give her entire class a lecture on â€Å"cheating† on the very next day. She furiously explained that cheating was wrong. She told the class that when she was a student, there was never a time that she cheated; her assignments were her work only. My friend explained to me that he looked around the classroom. He observed the faces of the students as the teacher continued her rant. To him, the class seemed somewhat unresponsive. They were clearly unimpressed with the idea that their teacher had gone through her school years without cheating once. This description of the students in my friend’s English class made me realize that most students don’t have a problem with copying assignments from one another. They don’t see this task as an immoral one. In fact, I haven’t met one person in my life that hasn’t cheated on homework at least once in his/her life. A student has several options when it comes to successfully completing a course and earning a high grade, similar to the options he would have at a buffet. The student could, for example, choose to go to the taco bar. He would need to have the time and patience to create his meal, by carefully assembling the various components of his perfect taco. This student chooses to spend time and effort making sure he fully grasps the purpose of homework assignments. In order words, this student completes homework assignments the way they are meant to be completed: without cheating or copying. However, the student could just as well have picked a doughnut at the buffet. It makes a perfect snack for someone on-the go. This student doesn’t have time at the moment and chooses to copy his assignment from someone else, instead of completing it on his own. The student would most likely get hungry later on, since doughnuts don’t serve as proper meal. In this case, the student must go ba ck to the buffet for seconds, and even thirds. Students that don’t spend the time doing assignments when they are assigned have to pay the price later on. They must learn the material through different methods (i.e. watching YouTube tutorial/educational videos), since they couldn’t devote the time to completing homework properly. In other words, students can still learn and comprehend the material of a class, without having to complete homework assignments. After the student has eaten, the student must have the long-awaited dessert. The happiness he receives from the dessert depends on his happiness he receives from his meal. If the student is satisfied and happy with his meal, he will look forward to the dessert. On the other hand, if the student is unsatisfied (i.e. he hasn’t eaten enough), then he won’t be able to fully enjoy the dessert; he will be thinking about the food that he didn’t get to eat at the buffet. Similarly, the happiness a stude nt receives from the end result of a final examination is determined by his satisfaction with the amount of time and effort he spent preparing for the examination. It’s easy to see that there isn’t one correct option when it comes to dining at a buffet, or doing assignments. The purpose of the student is to eat enough so that he is satisfied with his meal; a student could learn through homework assignments now, or the student could learn through other methods later. The only thing that matters is that the student honestly completes his exam. Homework assignments have one and only one real purpose: to prepare students for exams. All students don’t learn the same way, but homework assignments force students to learn in a certain way. Some students might find the assignments to be useful and practical, while others may see them as more of a hassle. Since assignments are generally a significant part of the overall grade, students have no choice but to complete them, through one way or another. Forcing everyone to learn a certain way is like forcing people to choose the same food item at a buffet (a slice of pizza, perhaps). Th e pizza may be suitable for those who genuinely enjoy pizza, but it’s not a good option for those that are dieting or have food restrictions due to health issues. I’ve had several classes in which homework assignments aren’t required. In my Organic Chemistry class, there are dozens of practice problems that are posted online. Although we are technically given a grade for these problems, we aren’t required to complete the problems correctly. The problems serve to aid those that feel that practice problems are essential to understanding concepts and doing well on examinations. This system allows students to prepare for exams the way in which they are most comfortable; students that don’t find the homework to be useful can choose to not complete the homework. At this point, one might still argue that cheating on homework assignments is unjustified. One might believe that cheaters shouldn’t receive the same grade as those that actually complete assignments honestly. Although this is true, this ideology is the result of a flawed education system. In American schools, homework is overemphasized. As a result, students receive too much homework that is more of time-waste than anything else. In other countries in the world, such as India, homework is almost nonexistent in high school. The only thing that is emphasized is exams. More time is spent preparing students for exams than assigning homework assignments that really don’t serve a purpose. Since students in India aren’t given homework, they have more time to spend preparing for exams. While some may choose to complete problems from a math textbook for example, they aren’t forced to do so. In essence, the only thing that should matter is that students learn; ult imately, that is the only purpose of school. All in all, cheating on homework assignments shouldnt really be any issue, because the actual tests of knowledge are, of course, tests.

Jacksonian Presidency Essays - Second Party System, Democracy

Jacksonian Presidency Jacksonian Presidency Summary Despite the looming effects of the Jacksonian presidency, the following only discusses the actions and results, which occurred during the Jacksonian presidency. The activation of a new presidency was accompanied by huge numbers of Hickoryites (Jacksonian supporters) and official hopefuls. Many of these hopefuls were granted their desire of holding office, which is one of the changes brought into Washington by Andrew Jackson. The major accomplishments of Jackson during his presidency pertain to his rural upbrining and democratic beliefs. Jackson's major accomplishments were his nationalization of the spoils system, his liberal application of Jeffersonian democratic policy, and his achievement of the status of president. Firstly, prior to the presidency of Andrew Jackson, the system of appointing officials was under the ?ideal of holding office during good behavior?, which led to the holding of positions by aged and incapable politicians. Conversely, Jackson appointed officials from al l walks of life to promote the equality principles of democracy. Jackson also advocated ?rotation in office?, which meant allow as many people serve in office for the shortest possible time for experience was discounted as a governing skill. Although these principles seem to follow the guidelines of democracy they were not entirely responsible and often the appointment of officials did not fall under these jurisdictions. The selection of officials of Jackson was in many cases the return of a financial grant during campaigning. The consideration of ability to govern, intellegence, resposiblity, etc. were ignored in the wake of compensation. Although opposites alike were granted power they were not always for the continuance of democracy. Secondly, Jefferson was the most democratic of any president at that time to come to power. In practically all areas of political application there was the existence of liberal thinking. This was especially aparent in his previously mentioned appiont ment of officials. Jackson considered the roles of officials fairly simple and could and should be carried out by all people not just the members of the socially and intellectually elite. The belief of complete equality is with out a doubt Jeffersonian. Despite this already democratic view Jackson took it one step further and appointed the illiterate and plain incompetant members of society to office. This was from the influence of Jefferson and his rural upbringing in which he was at the social rump of the republic. Lastly, but of equal importance was Jackson's acheivement of president. Jackson was the very first president of the United States to have not attended college. He was completely self taught and self reliant. For someone from the backwaters of Tennessee to become president in a time of rule by the elite of the elite was revolutionary in itself. Under no other circumstances could such a leader or

Pericles Funeral Oration - Thucydides Version

Pericles Funeral Oration - Thucydides Version Pericles funeral oration is a speech written by Thucydides for his history of the Peloponnesian War. Pericles delivers the oration not only to bury the dead, but to praise democracy. Pericles, a great supporter of democracy, was a Greek leader and statesman during the Peloponnesian War. He was so important for Athens that his name defines the age Periclean (The Age of Pericles), a period when Athens rebuilt what had been destroyed during the recent war with Persia (the Greco-Persian or Persian Wars). The people of Athens, including those from the countryside whose land was being pillaged by their enemies, were kept in crowded conditions within the walls of Athens. Near the start of the Peloponnesian War, a plague swept the city. We dont know for sure what the plague disease was. A recent best guess is Typhoid Fever. At any rate, Pericles succumbed to and died from this plague. [Thucydides on the Plague] Prior to the plagues devastation, Athenians were already dying as a result of the war. Pericles delivered a rousing speech lauding democracy on the occasion of funerals, shortly after the start of the war. Thucydides fervently supported Pericles  but was less enthusiastic about the institution of democracy. Under the hands of Pericles, Thucydides thought democracy could be controlled, but without him, it could be dangerous. Despite Thucydides attitude towards democracy, the speech he puts in Pericles mouth supports the democratic form of government. Thucydides, who wrote his Periclean speech for his History of the Peloponnesian War, readily admits his speeches are only loosely based on memory so shouldnt be taken as a verbatim report. In the speech, Pericles says: Democracy allows men to advance because of merit instead of wealth or inherited class.In a democracy, citizens behave lawfully while doing what they like without fear of prying eyes.In a democracy, there is equal justice for all in private disputes. This closely resembles the official attitude of those modern nations that favor democracy. Thucydides writes: Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighbouring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators ourselves. Its administration favours the many instead of the few; this is why it is called a democracy. If we look to the laws, they afford equal justice to all in their private differences; if no social standing, advancement in public life falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations not being allowed to interfere with merit; nor again does poverty bar the way, if a man is able to serve the state, he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition. The freedom which we enjoy in our government extends also to our ordinary life. There, far from exercising a jealous surveillance over each other, we do not feel called upon to be angry with our neighbour for doing what he likes, or even to indulge in those injurious looks which cannot fail to be offensive, although they inflict no positive penalty. But all this ease in our private relations does not make us lawle ss as citizens. Against this fear is our chief safeguard, teaching us to obey the magistrates and the laws, particularly such as regard the protection of the injured, whether they are actually on the statute book, or belong to that code which, although unwritten, yet cannot be broken without acknowledged disgrace. Source:Pericles Funeral Oration Features on Democracy in Ancient Greece and the Rise of Democracy Ancient Writers on Democracy AristotleThucydides via Pericles Funeral OrationPlatos ProtagorasAeschinesIsocratesHerodotus Compares Democracy With Oligarchy and MonarchyPseudo-Xenophon

Brigadier General David McMurtrie Gregg in the Civil War

Brigadier General David McMurtrie Gregg in the Civil War David McM. Gregg - Early Life Career: Born April 10, 1833, in Huntingdon, PA, David McMurtrie Gregg was the third child of Matthew and Ellen Gregg.   Following his fathers death in 1845, Gregg moved with his mother to Hollidaysburg, PA.   His time there proved brief as she died two years later.   Orphaned, Gregg and his older brother, Andrew, were sent to live with their uncle, David McMurtrie III, in Huntingdon.   Under his care, Gregg entered the John A. Hall School before moving on to nearby Milnwood Academy.   In 1850, while attending the University of Lewisburg (Bucknell University), he received an appointment to West Point with the aid of  Representative Samuel Calvin.    Arriving at West Point on July 1, 1851, Gregg proved a good student and an excellent horseman.   Graduating four years later, he ranked eighth in a class of thirty-four.   While there, he developed relationships with older students, such as J.E.B. Stuart and Philip H. Sheridan, with whom he would fight and serve with during the Civil War.   Commissioned a second lieutenant, Gregg was briefly posted to Jefferson Barracks, MO before receiving orders for Fort Union, NM.   Serving with the 1st US Dragoons, he moved to California in 1856 and north to Washington Territory the following year.   Operating from Fort Vancouver, Gregg fought several engagements against the Native Americans in the area.    David McM. Gregg - The Civil War Begins: On March 21, 1861, Gregg earned a promotion to first lieutenant and orders to return east.   With the attack on Fort Sumter the following month and beginning of the Civil War, he quickly received a promotion to captain on May 14 with orders to join the 6th US Cavalry in Washington DCs defenses.   Shortly thereafter, Gregg fell gravely ill with typhoid and nearly died when his hospital burned.   Recovering, he took command of the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry on January 24, 1862 with the rank of colonel.   This move was facilitated by the fact that Pennsylvania Governor Andrew Curtain was Greggs cousin.   Later that spring, the 8th Pennsylvania Cavalry shifted south to the Peninsula for Major General George B. McClellans campaign against Richmond. David McM. Gregg - Climbing the Ranks: Serving in Brigadier General Erasmus D. Keyes IV Corps, Gregg and his men saw service during the advance up the Peninsula and ably screened the armys movements during the Seven Days Battles that June and July.   With the failure of McClellans campaign, Greggs regiment and the rest of the Army of the Potomac returned north.   That September, Gregg was present for the Battle of Antietam but saw little fighting.   Following the battle, he took leave and traveled to Pennsylvania to marry Ellen F. Sheaff on October 6.   Returning to his regiment after a brief honeymoon in New York City, he received a promotion to brigadier general on November 29.   With this came command of a brigade in Brigadier General Alfred Pleasontons division. Present at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, Gregg assumed command of a cavalry brigade in Major General William F. Smiths VI Corps when Brigadier General George D. Bayard was mortally wounded.   With the Union defeat,  Major General Joseph Hooker assumed command in early 1863 and reorganized the Army of the Potomacs cavalry forces into a single Cavalry Corps led by Major General George Stoneman.   Within this new structure, Gregg was selected to lead the 3rd Division consisting of brigades headed by Colonels Judson Kilpatrick and Percy Wyndham.   That May, as Hooker led the army against General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville, Stoneman received orders to take his corps on a raid deep into the enemys rear.   Though Greggs division and the others inflicted substantial damage on Confederate property, the effort had little strategic value.   Due to its perceived failure, Stoneman was replaced by Pleasonton. David McM. Gregg - Brandy Station Gettysburg: Having been beaten at Chancellorsville, Hooker sought to gather intelligence on Lees intentions.   Finding that Major General J.E.B. Stuarts Confederate cavalry had concentrated near Brandy Station, he directed Pleasonton to attack and disperse the enemy.   To accomplish this, Pleasonton conceived a daring operation which called for dividing his command into two wings. The right wing, led by Brigadier General John Buford, was to cross the Rappahannock at Beverlys Ford and drive south toward Brandy Station. The left wing, commanded by Gregg, was to cross to the east at Kellys Ford and strike from the east and south to catch the Confederates in a double envelopment.   Taking the enemy by surprise, the Union troopers succeeded in driving the Confederates back on June 9.   Late in the day, Greggs men made several attempts to take Fleetwood Hill, but were unable to compel the Confederates to retreat.   Though Pleasonton withdrew at sunset leaving the field in Stuarts hands, the Battle of Brandy Station greatly improved the Union cavalrys confidence. As Lee moved north towards Pennsylvania in June, Greggs division pursued and fought inconclusive engagements with Confederate cavalry at Aldie (June 17), Middleburg (June 17-19), and Upperville (June 21).   On July 1, his compatriot Buford opened the Battle of Gettysburg.   Pressing north, Greggs division arrived around midday on July 2 and was tasked with protecting the Union right flank by new army commander Major General George G. Meade.   The next day, Gregg repulsed Stuarts cavalry in a  back-and-forth battle east of town.   In the fighting, Greggs men were aided by Brigadier General George A. Custers brigade.   Following the Union triumph at Gettysburg, Greggs division pursued the enemy and harried their retreat south. David McM. Gregg - Virginia: That fall, Gregg operated with the Army of the Potomac as Meade conducted his abortive Bristoe and Mine Run Campaigns.   In the course of these efforts, his division fought at  Rapidan Station (September 14), Beverly Ford (October 12), Auburn (October 14), and New Hope Church (November 27).   In the spring of 1864, President Abraham Lincoln promoted Major General Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general and made him general-in-chief of all Union armies.   Coming east, Grant worked with Meade to reorganize the Army of the Potomac.   This saw Pleasonton removed and replaced with Sheridan who had built a strong reputation as an infantry division commander in the west.   This action rankled Gregg who was the corps senior division commander and an experienced cavalryman. That May, Greggs division screened the army during the opening actions of the Overland Campaign at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House.   Unhappy with his corps role in the campaign, Sheridan obtained permission from Grant to mount a large-scale raid south on May 9.   Encountering the enemy two days later, Sheridan won a victory at the Battle of Yellow Tavern.   In the fighting, Stuart was killed.   Continuing south with Sheridan, Gregg and his men reached the Richmond defenses before turning east and uniting with Major General Benjamin Butlers Army of the James.   Resting and refitting, the Union cavalry then returned north to reunite with Grant and Meade.   On May 28, Greggs division engaged Major General Wade Hamptons cavalry at the Battle of Haws Shop and won a minor victory after heavy fighting.   David McM. Gregg - Final Campaigns: Again riding out with Sheridan the following month, Gregg saw action during the Union defeat at the Battle of Trevilian Station on June 11-12.   As Sheridans men retreated back towards the Army of the Potomac, Gregg commanded a successful rearguard action at St. Marys Church on June 24.   Rejoining the army, he moved over the James River and aided in operations during the opening weeks of the Battle of Petersburg.   In August, after Lieutenant General Jubal A. Early advanced down the Shenandoah Valley and threatened Washington, DC, Sheridan was ordered by Grant to command the newly-formed Army of the Shenandoah.   Taking part of the Cavalry Corps to join this formation, Sheridan left Gregg in command of those cavalry forces remaining with Grant.   As part of this transition, Gregg received a brevet promotion to major general.   Shortly after Sheridans departure, Gregg saw action during the Second Battle of Deep Bottom on August 14-20.   A few days later, he was involved in the Union defeat at the Second Battle of Reams Station.   That fall, Greggs cavalry worked to screen Union movements as Grant sought to extend his siege lines south and east from Petersburg.   In late September, he took part in the Battle of Peebles Farm and in late October played a key role in the Battle of Boydton Plank Road.   Following the latter action, both armies settled into winter quarters and large-scale fighting subsided.   On January 25, 1865, with Sheridan set to return from the Shenandoah, Gregg abruptly submitted his letter of resignation to the US Army citing an imperative demand for my continued presence at home. David McM. Gregg - Later Life: This was accepted in early February and Gregg departed for Reading, PA.   Greggs reasons for resigning were questioned with some speculating that he did not wish to serve under Sheridan.   Missing the wars final campaigns, Gregg was involved in business activities in Pennsylvania and operated a farm in Delaware.   Unhappy in civilian life, he applied for reinstatement in 1868, but lost out when his desired cavalry command went to his cousin, John I. Gregg.   In 1874, Gregg received an appointment as US Consul in Prague, Austria-Hungary from President Grant.   Departing, his time abroad proved brief as his wife suffered from homesickness.   Returning later that year, Gregg advocated for making Valley Forge a national shrine and in 1891 was elected Auditor General of Pennsylvania.   Serving one term, he remained active in civic affairs until his death on August 7, 1916.   Greggs remains were buried in Readings Charles Evans Cemetery.      Ã‚   Selected Sources Civil War Trust: David McM. GreggSmithsonian: David McM. GreggOhio Civil War: David McM. Gregg

Pastoral Epistles Authorship Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Pastoral Epistles Authorship - Term Paper Example In the book of ACTS of Apostles we learn about how Paul was converted to an individual believing in Jesus Christ. In the ACTS he is portrayed as a cruel man who persecuted and killed those who believed in Jesus Christ. In the Acts of the Apostles the speeches of the apostles seem to advocate for Christianity as a religion for every human being. Paul in particular says that salvation was not meant for the Jews but also for the Gentiles (Harrington, 2008). The apostles talked of the Holy Spirit and how he guided most of them during trials before roman authorities and while preaching. In reference to Towner (2009), the apostles were categorical about prayers and insisted on prayers as a way to reach the father through His son Jesus Christ. It is especially important to note that Paul spoke about oppression of the weak and marginalized in the society .we draw that Paul passed a clear message that as much as Christianity was universal everyone deserves a better treatment (Towner, 2009). It is because of Pauls faith that he was imprisoned by the Romans. Paul bore witness to Jesus Christ of whom the Jewish authorities refused to accept as the promised messiah. He was deeply concerned with the manner in which the Christians conducted themselves and the qualifications an individual had to posses in assuming any leadership position in the early church (Liefed, 1999). It was difficult for new convert to stand firm and deep rooted into Christianity. Paul had to guide them all the way. It is here that the Pastoral Epistles came about. Liefed (1999) asserts that when Paul was released by the Romans he travelled to Asia Minor. He passed through Ephesus and Crete. It is in these places that he left Timothy and Titus to be pastor’s respectively. Paul was concerned about the organization of the church. This portrays him as a person who upheld order (Harrington, 2008). From both

Assessment Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Assessment Skills - Essay Example Then I can count the number of thoughts associated to each aspect of counseling. By conducting routine thought listing, I can assess the client progress (Hiebert, 1996). In self-monitoring method, â€Å"a simple rating scale or monitoring form is developed and clients use the form to track the variable under observation† (Hiebert, 1996). For example, if the changes in the self confidence level of a client have to be assessed, I can ask the client to make self-monitoring by providing him/her with index cards of which one side can be notified as positive and the other side as negative. The client can be asked to place check marks on both sides in connection with the moments in which he/she feels confident and not. These checkmarks can finally be compiled to assess the correlation between learning and impact outcomes. This method will increase self awareness in the client and thereby help increase self confidence also. Hiebert has listed the advantages of self-monitoring as follo ws: It can help identify factors affecting the client presenting problem, as well as provide a tangible indication of client change. If self-monitoring starts at the beginning of counseling, it can provide baseline data against which to compare change as well as evidence of client change across time.

Mia Hamm Research paper Essay Example for Free

Mia Hamm Research paper Essay At the beginning of the story Alice starts off being pressured into marring a man she doesn’t even love. Her sister tells her to go get married and live just happily ever after like her but her husband is cheating on her. I think Alice’s call was when she kept spotting the white rabbit in the bushes and began to follow him in the middle of getting purposed to. Also after she fell down the hole the rabbit was trying to explain to her who she is and how she’s supposed to be the champion for wonderland. Stage 2: Refusal of Call Alice starts to refuse when she begins telling them that she is not the right Alice their looking for. I didn’t think she would still be refusing even after they showed her the scroll of what happened. I kind of thought she was just saying no because she was afraid of what was ahead of her if she took on the challenge of becoming the champion. Throughout the beginning and middle of the movie she Lyric Perry 9/22/13 World Literature was trying to convince everyone that this was her dream and everything would be ok when she woke up. Stage 4: Crossing the first Threshold I thought during the whole story I think she crossed more than one threshold. The first one was when she fell down the hole and entered wonderland because the trees by the two holes were both twisted and looked very similar. Her coming out of the hole to Wonderland to me was like the crossing in a new unknown land. Another threshold was when she made it up in her mind that she was the hero and started believing in wonderland and the impossible. Stage 5: Belly of the Whale The belly of the whale is when a character is fully enclosed in the new world or adventure. I think she entered the belly of the whale when she began to accept the fact that it wasn’t a dream and wonderland is a real place. I think that Lyric Perry 9/22/13 World Literature the only way she was going to get out and go back to the real world was to complete her quest and slay the jabberwocky. Stage 6: Road of Trials Alice had lots of trials during her journey such as when the dog/polar bear thing started to chase her and cut her arm. At the tea party when the red queen’s knight, soldiers, and bloodhound came looking for Alice I felt it was a trial because if they were to have caught her she wouldn’t have been able to complete her goal. The road of trials is a very important stage because I think they help the character get ready for what they are about to embark on. Stage 11: The Ultimate Boon The ultimate boon to me was when she cut the head off of the jabberwocky. This was really important because the whole fate of wonderland was in her hands. I think the white queen was depending on her the most because she really wanted the crown and for the red queen to stop torturing Wonderland. Stage 15: Crossing the Return Threshold At the end of the story I saw two returning thresholds the first one when she climbed out of the hole and when she started standing up to everyone at the party back home. When she was climbing out of the hole she was crossing back over to the real world and her normal life. She started telling everyone the truth and saying what she really felt even things that sounded impossible. Stage 17: Freedom to Live I thought this happened for Alice at the very end of the movie because that’s when she really decided to live her own life and do what she wanted. Such as she told the man she wasn’t going to marry him she was going to find someone she loves. Alice starts talking to the man about his business and how he should move it china. Her falling down the hole to me was on purpose to get her to really follow her own bliss not everyone else’s.

Caring for Family Members with Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimer

"Confusion, Anxiety, Anger and Pain, Despair" these are some of the words that Kaunie Hagensen uses to describe her condition in the poem Lost. (Hagensen 1999) These feelings are shared by many people today who suffer from, or have family members who suffer from Alzheimer's disease. The Encyclopedia of Alzheimer's Disease describes it as being, "a progressive degenerative disease characterized by the death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain. While the most obvious symptom is loss of memory, the disease also causes problems with emotional control, vision, and language." (Turkington 2003, 14) "Alzheimer's disease" has previously been used to describe dementia arising in middle age, but because of the neuropathological differences that have been found, today it refers to a "common primary degenerative dementia occurring later in life" also known as senile dementia. (Evans 1990, 267) The change in the meaning of Alzheimer’s disease occurred prior to the 1960’ s. This disease is a problem that primarily affects elderly persons age 85 and older, but recently it has also been associated with adults 65 years and older. As life expectancy increases, so does the impact of the disease, especially in developed countries like the United States. A study that estimated the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States used results from East Boston in 1980, and applied them, by age and sex, to population projections for the United States from 1990 to 2050. The results of this study showed that in 1980, 11.3 percent of people 65 years of age or older had Alzheimer's disease. By 2050, the number of persons 65 years of age or older that have Alzheimer's disease in the United States is expected to exceed 10 million. (Evans... ...re, an abrupt and immediate end to strain is not a realistic outcome of institutionalization.† (Dellasega 1991, 204) Because there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, taking on the responsibility of caring for patients in the home is a long term responsibility that requires a lot of planning and consideration. This is not a decision to be made on a whim or because of emotion. All options need to be weighed, and everyone affected needs to be considered. Placing a family member in a long-term care facility does not spell out neglect. Depending on the circumstances of the caregiver, caring for the patient in the home may lead to more neglect. The ‘right choice’ is different in each case, but without considering all the facets of your own situation the wrong choice will be made. I hope that this information will make that heavy decision a little easier to bear. Caring for Family Members with Alzheimer's Disease Essay -- Alzheimer' "Confusion, Anxiety, Anger and Pain, Despair" these are some of the words that Kaunie Hagensen uses to describe her condition in the poem Lost. (Hagensen 1999) These feelings are shared by many people today who suffer from, or have family members who suffer from Alzheimer's disease. The Encyclopedia of Alzheimer's Disease describes it as being, "a progressive degenerative disease characterized by the death of nerve cells in several areas of the brain. While the most obvious symptom is loss of memory, the disease also causes problems with emotional control, vision, and language." (Turkington 2003, 14) "Alzheimer's disease" has previously been used to describe dementia arising in middle age, but because of the neuropathological differences that have been found, today it refers to a "common primary degenerative dementia occurring later in life" also known as senile dementia. (Evans 1990, 267) The change in the meaning of Alzheimer’s disease occurred prior to the 1960’ s. This disease is a problem that primarily affects elderly persons age 85 and older, but recently it has also been associated with adults 65 years and older. As life expectancy increases, so does the impact of the disease, especially in developed countries like the United States. A study that estimated the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the United States used results from East Boston in 1980, and applied them, by age and sex, to population projections for the United States from 1990 to 2050. The results of this study showed that in 1980, 11.3 percent of people 65 years of age or older had Alzheimer's disease. By 2050, the number of persons 65 years of age or older that have Alzheimer's disease in the United States is expected to exceed 10 million. (Evans... ...re, an abrupt and immediate end to strain is not a realistic outcome of institutionalization.† (Dellasega 1991, 204) Because there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease, taking on the responsibility of caring for patients in the home is a long term responsibility that requires a lot of planning and consideration. This is not a decision to be made on a whim or because of emotion. All options need to be weighed, and everyone affected needs to be considered. Placing a family member in a long-term care facility does not spell out neglect. Depending on the circumstances of the caregiver, caring for the patient in the home may lead to more neglect. The ‘right choice’ is different in each case, but without considering all the facets of your own situation the wrong choice will be made. I hope that this information will make that heavy decision a little easier to bear.

An overview of the history issues and laws on runaway children and teens Essay

Runaway Kids When children and teens have to deal with abuse, family, depression, or any other issues for an extensive period of time without getting the help they may run away. When a kid has these problems and they are unable to get help then why would they stick around and wait for dad to come home? The process in which our government finds and helps runaway children is not up to a standard that keeps them from falling into the streets and succumbing to sex, drugs, and violence.    Runaway children and teens who have been recorded for centuries. Whether it is due to controlling parents forcing their kids into arranged marriages or legally disowning them for various reasons. During the Great Depression Era, children of all ages would leave home looking for work or food to provide for their families or themselves. Ever since the government passed the child labor laws, children could not help provide for their families through a job. So their families either kicked them out or sent them out to find better fortune somewhere else. They would travel together, hopping from train to train, therefore they were called the Box Car Kids.    A little later around 1945 to 1963 sterilization laws were passed which allowed institutions to sterilize individuals against their will. Runaway kids would get detained and if a guardian or parent did not pick them up then they would be sterilized. The era this occurred in was called the Eugenic Era, it spawned from the thought of making a utopian society. Drug ridden, crazy, violent, scared children were not fit to reproduce.    Issues for these children usually begin at home, with abuse acting as a major component. When abuse is not noted and solved, or the child isn’t removed from the environment, then the child may feel like it is their responsibility to solve this when no one else will. No kid should have to face this, when they finally realize that they can’t deal with an abusive parent, sibling, or guardian at home then they resort to fleeing the situation. Some kids are brought up in homes that have been broken for generations, ridden with drug or alcohol abusing parents.    Throwaways are children that parents do not want and have kicked out of their homes. This makes things even more difficult when police finally bring the kid back home but the parent does not want them there. This causes mental issues to occur or grow in the child. These problems include diseases such as depression, anxiety, which could branch into self-harm, self-image issues, acting out, drug abuse, underage drinking, along with many other harmful activities. Teens may turn to drugs and or drink at sometimes a very young age to cope with the hardships they face at home, school, or with personal issues. Whether they turn to them before running away and being exposed to the streets or beforehand, there is a high likelihood of it.    The law about runaways differs from that of abductees. This matters because of the effort put into each one, for example, amber alerts, and simply the effort put into finding the child. A private investigator says, â€Å"that since the kids just ran away and do not seem to be abducted it is a lot harder to get help from the law enforcement, or get the word out by using the Amber Alert System.† (Janis, 2) An amber alert is only put out for abductees because the state knows they are in imminent danger and that they know for a fact that they do not have time to waste in finding them.    There should be an alert sent out that is almost as mainstream as an amber alert. Although they are not in the clutches of a specific person or group of people, there is an extremely high possibility of them being in the same situation soon. The NCMEC or National Center for Missing and or Exploited Children is who people are supposed to call to help find their children along with the police. The problem is that this board is not very familiar with, at least not nearly as much as the amber alert system. Another problem is that the police cannot chase these kids across state lines with no leads or jurisdiction. There are far too many missing children alerts in police headquarters for all or even half to be noticed at one time and be helped. If the child gets outside of the county to city limits past state lines, to possibly across the country that is just lessening the chance of them being found. The further away from the last place they were seen the less the state and government can or will do for them. Depending on how much effort the family puts in, the story will fade out and they could be lost for an extended period of time whether the child is attempting to be gone that long or they got hurt, legitimately lost, trapped, or killed.    Children who run away usually attempt during the summer. Due to obvious reasons such as, they are not freezing, they can sleep, can travel outside with more leisure, and stay away from home for a longer amount of time. Whereas in colder temperatures these things are not available, they usually go back home in a matter of days or weeks. Most runaways return home in 48 hours to two weeks generally, warm or cold climate. If a child has run away before he or she is likely to run away again for the same reasons; if they feel trapped or pressured again by something/ someone else as they did before.    On the other side of the spectrum, this is not what happens when the child runs away, the consequence of them coming back home, it is why they felt like they could not live at home anymore. Now sometimes a child will just leave home out of spite, adventure, petty reason or argument. These children will usually return home in a short amount of time, if not the same day. But for the children/young teens that leave home in fear of their own safety, or have gotten kicked out may feel the need to stay away for a longer period of time. A child may have to throw away their own innocence at such a young age and act on their own to take care of themselves, and in so being subjected to a very dangerous environment.    When many runaway kids flock to large cities to hide perhaps find fortune that they lacked at home. There are far too many stories of children running to cities such as Los Angeles. There are cars waiting at mega bus stops to pick up these kids and befriend them then trap them into prostitution, drug trades, or gangs; this frightens kids even more. The streets in these places are totally different at night, and in some areas, you don’t want to be walking around in any period of the day. Being alone and young they are vulnerable to mugging, rape, abduction, etc. At night they may have to stay in an abandoned building because youth shelters will be full or not allow teens under 18 to stay there. They are a liability, they are under their parent’s jurisdiction. If kids go to these shelters then social services will get involved, and they will make them go back home. If the home is not safe then they will find temporary housing until the service gets a court order. But if t he child does not wish to do that they will hide out in abandoned places where other kids, or older homeless people, junkies, or gangs stay. One in three girls is solicited for drugs within the first 72 hours of hitting the streets. The longer they are out there the harder it is to leave. Drugs seem like a place to go for solace when living in the harshness of the streets. Kids and adults use drugs as a way to escape their problems, but in reality, the drugs only decrease their ability to survive and find a job if they are over eighteen. Once these kids get hooked on drugs such as heroin, cocaine, meth, it is hard to get out of the cycle of needing a fix. Another factor that is brought into the child’s life is prostitution. Being dragged into sex trafficking just brings up so many terrible things that happen with this such as disease and rape. â€Å"But run where when there are 30,000 teenagers who have fled their homes in New York and only 400 emergency shelter beds, 13,000 runaways in New Jersey with a safe haven for only 300, and 10,000 in Connecticut with room for just 115? Even if a runaway finds a bed in a crisis center, where does he or she go after reaching the 30 days federal limit for sanctuary in an emergency shelter?† (Gross, 1) It is a sad thing that these are ordinary numbers, that these numbers for runaway children are realistic at all. There are not enough youth shelters, for kids to be able to flee to a haven when their home isn’t safe. Children need a place of solace and safety so they do not feel the need to turn to the streets and drugs. Unfortunately, shelters have run out of space. This has occurred so drastically that some cities have had to start using hotels to house all of these kids. This is a temporary and weak plan with many holes that should not have to happen in the first place. A government should spend more money on building bigger shelters and hiring professionals to turn these children’s lives around. Instead, the state is using hotels with empty space to let children roam as they please, and spiral out of control. Really this is simply giving them an upgrade to living on the streets, it is a drug house. â€Å"The Capri Motel is one of the places child and family services house kids in care. But listen to how one teen, a girl we are calling Katrina, describes the hotel she was placed in for several months (Barghouti, 1).† â€Å"Sometimes there would be other hotel rooms open through johns and hookers and older people, I guess to drink or party (Katrina, 1).† â€Å"That you guys saw (Barghouti, 1).† â€Å"Yeah, a lot of the kids would go hang out with them and do drugs and party with them (Katrina, 1).†    When children do get back home or get placed into a foster care they have a lot of catching up to do with their family and lives. If therapy didn’t cost nearly as much as it does, then maybe the country could be impacted on a really widespread level. People can make a change to alter the mindset of the government to show this growing problem. One of these countries priorities is to keep people off the streets and in jobs, but with diminishing futures, for these kids, that priority is not going to be fulfilled. Treating teenagers like children but trying them as adults need to stop. Children becoming runaways or throwaways has to be prevented and the signs are seen early so that they can get help. Having someone to listen to them and see signs of abuse, and depression; This can save a child’s life from being taken by the streets.                            Work Cited Blanchard, Jayne. â€Å"Cast shines despite ‘Polaroid Stories†. Washington Times, The (DC). Article. 2 August. 2003.    Janis, Linzie. â€Å"REAL-LIFE ROMEO AND JULIET† Good Morning America (ABC.) 5 Sept. 2013. Article. 12 Dec 2014.    Gross, Jane. â€Å"Fleeing Abuse to the Streets; Shelters Can’t Keep Pace With Increase in Runaways.† The New York Times. The New York Times, 17 Dec. 1997. Web. 07 Jan. 2015. .    Moseley, Wendy. â€Å"Teens in CFS care in Winnipeg hotels say they’ve seen prostitution, drugs.† National (CBS Television). Article. Sept. 9, 2011.    â€Å"Teen Runaways- Parenting Teens. â€Å"Teen Runaways- Parenting Teens. N.p., n.d. Web. 30. Dec. 2014 .      

Bay Area Greats

San Francisco has been one of the most famous cities in the United States. It's spectacular views and sensational sights have captivated much of the population of the country and tourists around the world alike. There is an interesting point towards realizing the great history of San Francisco and the architecture of the city throughout the years. This paper serves to investigate the 1920s era of San Francisco's architecture. Most structures that were built during this decade was incorporated with the Art Deco style of architecture.ART DECO A popular international design movement from the 1920s and the 1930s, Art Deco affected the decorative arts such as interior design, industrial design, visual arts such as painting, graphic arts, fashion and film. But Art Deco's most effective implication was characterized through architecture. This style was, in a sense, a combination of many varying movements and styles of the early 20th century, just like the styles of Cubism, Constructivism, B auhaus, Modernism, Futurism, and Art Nouveau.During the 1920s, Art Deco's fame and notoriety reached its peak and strongly carried on in the United States up to the 1930s. Despite many design styles or movements being philosophical or political in nature, Art Deco was strictly decorative. During its peak, the Art Deco style was perceived as functional, modern, and elegant. The name of Art Deco was coined in after 40 years, exactly during the 1960s. It was derived from the 1925 Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts, where the style or movement's apex was reached.Characterized by thin, long forms, surfaces that are curving, and patterning that is geometric, Art Deco was a style that practitioners attempted to perceive as the appearance that they thought could express the machine age. Ranging from Skyscrapers to Ocean liners up to jewelry and even toasters, Art Deco is a style that influenced a good number of factors. Despite Art Deco's most famous structures such as the Rockefeller Cent er and the Chrysler Building being located in New York, a good number of Art Deco inspired structures can be found in the great bay area of San Francisco.It somehow dominated the area during the 1920s' insurgence of the style. SAN FRANCISCO ART DECO OF THE 1920s San Francisco was in a period of prosperity during the 1920s. It was hardly a decade of radical innovation. The city also pronounced the secondary phase in the construction of a higher and taller skyline that started to overshadow the buildings downtown that was Chicago-styled. George Kelham and Timothy Pflueger were San Francisco architects who followed the architects in Chicago and New York that designed skyscrapers. Art Deco was one European trend that did affect San Francisco during the 1920s.More focused on decorative than architectural style, Art Deco was inspired by cubist and abstract painting and an involvement in motifs that are ornamental and taken from locales that are exotic such as pre-Columbian Mexico, China, and ancient Egypt. This style brought a modern element to the design of American buildings, gearing the architects towards the path of utilizing longer, cleaner lines and surfaces that are more abstract in nature. SAMPLE BUILDING 1929, Financial District, Shell Building, 100 Bush St. , San Francisco. Designed by George Kelham.This building was defined as a Zig-zag Modern skyscraper. It has a thin, stepped tower clad in terra cotta that's colored rusticated beige. The forms of shells are properly integrated into the design despite being nearly out of sight–the shells that are projecting near the top hide lighting that turns the crown to gold occasionally. Carrying out the general them of the building is the entrance lobby. The Shell Building by George Kelham, designed in the Modern style of the 1920s, is a marvelous example of the former generation of skyscrapers.Kelham, one of the few graduates of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts who made major roles to local architecture, went to Sa n Francisco in the year 1906 to oversee construction of the Palace Hotel. He lived in the city, and his work on five major downtown structures pronounced the transition from the Chicago style to Modern structures. He is also attributed with changing the character of architects in the building of commercial structures by hiring a general contractor. Before general contractors were used, the architect had the responsibility for hiring laborers and getting materials.Just like Timothy Pflueger, Kelham's work was inspired both by New York architects who were lowering their structures due to to zoning laws passed during the year 1916 and by the entry of Eliel Saarienen in the 1922 Chicago Tribune Tower contest. As a matter of fact, the above area of the Shell Building closely looks like Saarinen's much-imitated design. George Kelham stressed verticality during a time when major structures rose 10 to 15 floors above their Chicago style counterparts. Definitely, Kelham's structures defined the upper limits of the downtown skyline during the 1920s.The structure's ornamentation shows a mixture of abstracted shell designs with Egyptian motifs, preferably the tower's lotus flowers. The Shell building was one of San Francisco's best Modern designs of the 1920s. It was described by the Architect and Engineer as possessing the central tower of the Russ Building, the penthouse of the Telephone Building, Gothic verticality, and its own definitive treatment of the eight upper floors. It was also described as a building that follows Eliel Saarinen's Chicago Tribune Tower Competition model entry.The ornamentation of the Shell Building was also incorporated with â€Å"Egyptian ancestry and with a modernistic flare†. It includes an elaborate design of abstracted shells, an incorporation with the owner of the building. The tower's upper part with its ornamental concentration, was dramatically original with floodlight at night. The interior of the building also carried ornamen tal detail, including the building lobby, all elevator lobbies, and the offices of the executives. Designed with movable partitions were the office floors.The building's greatness can also be concluded with its record-breaking time of completion. The whole structure was also constructed using Steel frame construction. Today, it remains as one of San Francisco's most distinctive business addresses. The Shell building won the 1994 San Francisco Architectural Heritage Award for the excellence in architectural preservation. It was defined as a building strongly influenced by Art Deco and its founding father which is George Kelham. The Shell Building with its time-honored architecture, contemporary offices and classic amenities-has captured the best of both worlds.It is a San Francisco landmark. CONCLUSION San Francisco's Art Deco style during the 1920s has produced inspiring works of architecture up to today. The dominance of the Art Deco style in the 1920s helped San Francisco in turni ng around and becoming as one of the most popular places in the United States. The Shell Building for example, has created a great sense of fame and popularity due to the Art Deco influence. San Francisco and Art Deco somehow seemed fit for each other and as one tours San Francisco, the Art Deco style is one style that mostly captivates the eyes.

from you Essay

from you Essay from you Essay Present Past Subjects Projects Misc THE EVOLUTION OF DESPAIR A new field of science examines the mismatch between our genetic makeup and the modern world, looking for the source of our pervasive sense of discontent. By Robert Wright [I] attribute the social and psychological problems of modern society to the fact that society requires people to live under conditions radically different from those under which the human race evolved ... The Unabomber There's a little bit of the unabomber in most of us. We may not share his approach to airing a grievance, but the grievance itself feels familiar. In the recently released excerpts of his still unpublished 35,000-word essay, the serial bomber complains that the modern world, for all its technological marvels, can be an uncomfortable, "unfulfilling" place to live. It makes us behave in ways "remote from the natural pattern of human behavior." Amen. VCRs and microwave ovens have their virtues, but in the everyday course of our highly efficient lives, there are times when something seems deeply amiss. Whether burdened by an overwhelming flurry of daily commitments or stifled by a sense of social isolation (or, oddly, both); whether mired for hours in a sense of life's pointlessness or beset for days by unresolved anxiety; whether deprived by long workweeks from quality time with offspring or drowning in quantity time with themwhatever the source of stress, we at times get the feeling th at modern life isn't what we were designed for. And it isn't. The human mindour emotions, our wants, our needsevolved in an environment lacking, for example, cellular phones. And, for that matter, regular phones, telegraphs and even hieroglyphsand cars, railroads and chariots. This much is fairly obvious and, indeed, is a theme going back at least to Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents. But the analysis rarely gets past the obvious; when it does, it sometimes veers toward the dubious. Freud's ideas about the evolutionary history of our species are now consideredto put it charitablydated. He hypothesized, for example, that our ancestors lived in a "primal horde" run by an autocratic male until one day a bunch of his sons rose up, murdered him and ate his flesha rebellion that not only miraculously inaugurated religion but somehow left a residue of guilt in all subsequent descendants, including us. Any questions? A small but growing group of scholarsevolutionary psychologistsare trying to do better. With a method less fanciful than Freud's, they're beginning to sketch the contours of the human mind as designed by natural selection. Some of them even anticipate the coming of a field called "mismatch theory," which would study maladies resulting from contrasts between the modern environment and the "ancestral environment," the one we were designed for. There's no shortage of such maladies to study. Rates of depression have been doubling in some industrial countries roughly every 10 years. Suicide is the third most common cause of death among young adults in North America, after car wrecks and homicides. Fifteen percent of Americans have had a clinical anxiety disorder. And, pathological, even murderous alienation is a hallmark of our time. In that sense, the Unabomber is Exhibit A in his own argument. Evolutionary psychology is a long way from explaining all this with precision, but it is already shedding enough light to challenge some conventional wisdom. It suggests, for example, that the conservative nostalgia for the nuclear family of the 1950s is in some ways misguidedthat the household of Ozzie and Harriet is hardly a "natural" and healthful living arrangement, especially for wives. Moreover, the bygone American life-styles that do look fairly natural in light of evolutionary psychology appear to have been eroded largely by capitalismanother challenge to conservative orthodoxy. Perhaps the biggest surprise from evolutionary

8 Crazy Things That Could Happen to the Workplace Within 30 Years

8 Crazy Things That Could Happen to the Workplace Within 30 Years Ever think about how the workplace of the future will be different? Here’s some food for thought: a few scenarios to consider as we plan our careers in a changing world. 1. Driverless CarsThis isn’t so much about the workplace, but will certainly change commutes and also fundamentally alter fields like mass transit and transportation, and maybe also change the face of the auto industry forever.2. No More OfficesMore and more companies might opt to have workers set up remotely, either at home or in shared co-working spaces. This will save companies lots of money on office space and give them the ability to hire talent from around the world.3. Big BrotherGPS monitoring might enable employers to track your location, your health, and your productivity. This certainly won’t be popular, but as long as the technology exists, some companies will want to use it.4. Workers’ ChoiceMore and more millennials entering the workforce are demanding that their employers mee t their ethical standards. Expect workers to switch companies and jobs more than they used to as they follow their passions and try to sculpt their ideal careers.5. Work ‘Til You DropWe’re all living longer, and companies are getting rid of costly retirement programs. We’ll all probably have to work much, much longer, particularly as medical advances keep us alive well past the life expectancy of our parents’ parents.6. Part-Time PlusFreelancing may be the wave of the future. It’s much cheaper for an employer to hire a freelancer, without having to provide benefits or health insurance. And many workers prefer the control and flexibility that lifestyle affords them. The steady 9-5 may be a dinosaur by the time our kids enter the job market.7. Artificial IntelligenceArtificial intelligence will start to replace as many jobs as feasible, putting more manual tasks in digital hands. This will destroy certain jobs, but create others in technology and serv ice.8. No More BossesZappos did it with their controversial â€Å"holacracy.† More and more companies are restructuring from the typical linear grunt-level-up-to-big-boss model. We can expect more lateral, integrative hierarchies to start forming, which will change the face of how we work and who we work for.9 ways the workplace will be different in 2050

Fast Food Rulers in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fast Food Rulers in China - Research Paper Example KFC offered food items common in most Chinese restaurants ( Lroche, Kalamas &Huang, 2005). This strategic approach depicts KFC as part of the Chinese community rather than a fast food joint selling low priced westernized food. The company capitalized on small Chinese cities and the establishment of a national business with food joints spread across the country. As a result, the company cut down some of it cost due to economies of scale and distribution of risk. KFC engaged the services of Chinese hotel managers to provide advice on the food tastes. It also established partnership with local food chains and employed more Chinese to operate its emerging branches. So far, the company commands 40% stake in Chinese fast food market with 3300 food outlets in the 650 cities in China. In 1999, KFC developed a distribution chain by building warehouses and managing a fleet of distribution trucks. The trucks were fitted with refrigerators that ensured the foodstuff remain fresh while transporting them from the farm to the restaurants. Though it was an expensive affair, it was vital for the company’s rapid expansion to other cities (Schroder & McEacher, 2005) On the other hand, McDonalds a key rival of KFC holds a 16% stake in the Chinese fast food market. Its approach was far different from it competitor. It chose to stick to its core strategy adopted in the US market. MacDonald menu had no additional dishes that matched the local taste. The layouts of MacDonald’s food outlet depicted a westernized culture. Its target market was the stylish wealthy status-conscious Chinese that sought to imitate the American lifestyle. The McDonald now boasts of 2000 outlets spread across the Chinese cities. It emerged as a global leader in the fast food industry, based on sales, market capitalization, number of employees and revenues (Shen & Xiao, 2014). Its success is attributable to the quality standards the company has maintained globally

The analysis of Eminems lyrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The analysis of Eminems lyrics - Essay Example The essay "The analysis of Eminem’s lyrics" analyzes the reasons that in Eminem's lyrics he talks about taking care or protecting them like they are objects. Eminem was raised in Detroit with a mother who according to him was an alcoholic. He had a daughter, Hailie with his girlfriend, Kim, who later became his wife. These three women affected Eminem’s lyrics immensely. Toward his mother, Eminem is very bitter. On one CD he sings, â€Å"You selfish bitch; I hope you fuckin burn in hell for this shit† in the song Cleaning out My Closet. Eminem cannot prevent his mother’s addiction to prescription pills, so he talks about her using profanities and death wishes. Another example of Eminem’s disrespect for his wife appears on the 8 Mile soundtrack. In his lyrics, Eminem puts Kim in a traditional role as a mother of his child or a piece of property as his wife. Eminem even wrote a song (not playable on the radio stations) about Kim on the Marshall Mathers LP detailing how he would torture and kill her. The last lines were â€Å"NOW BLEED! BITCH BLEED!BLEED! BITCH BLEED! BLEED†. Kim’s offense was to cheat on him. In his album The Eminem Show, Eminem raps, â€Å"But the smartest shit I did was take the bullets outta that gun Cuz I'da killed him; shit I woulda shot Kim and them both†. Eminem is not coming out and saying that he wishes the laws of the middle ages were in effect concerning women, but his songs show that if Kim Mathers had cheated on him a couple of centuries ago, she would have been dead.

Art in Context - Tracey Emin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art in Context - Tracey Emin - Essay Example She is an expert in various art forms including needlework, sculpture, drawing, video or installation, photography and painting as well. The uniqueness in her works that can be in any form lies in her independent nature to express with an autobiographical tone. What other artists never prefer to expose in public, Tracey does exactly the same. Tracey and Her Unique Practice as a Contemporary Artist: Tracey is the most controversial artist just because of her extreme personal and original art works. Autobiographical subject matter in her works of art is the place where she differs from other contemporary artists. She has confessed everything from her inmost life through sculptures, textiles, drawings, mono prints and several other expertise fields (Fortnum, R, 2007). Almost all her works tell about her autobiography. According to her this comes from a stream of consciousness, undoubtedly this is the basic source of art while creating it. Tracey’s practice is well known for its r aw openness, immediacy and some extend sexually provocative attitude (The European Graduate School, web, N.D.). Such factors fascinate the viewer a lot. She is very confessional in her attitude through the art forms. She always prefers to show a working class attitude in her works of art that provokes British class system. ... She deals with extremely female autobiographical subject in her art. She represents â€Å"she† in all her art works and that is a concrete part of essentialism (Gale, M.B. & Gardner, V, 2004). Tracey is such an artist in the contemporary world of art who tells about the exploitation of her existence as a woman. Her art tells about the challenges of a woman affirming her female identity in her art forms. She makes the viewer feel her string existence through her art forms. Tracey’s form of art often defined in terms of sexual aggression coming out of her personal experiences. Almost of all her paintings delineate a life of sexual desire (Doyle, J, 2006). She often confesses that what she does is exactly what she thinks. This is the freedom of contemporary art. An artist is freed from any kind of boundaries. There is no obligation in the expression through art form. The basic aesthetics of contemporary art form is that nothing can stop the spontaneous urge of expression i n terms of art. The tradition of past, restricted sectors of rules and regulation are avoided in the concept of contemporary art form and Tracey is a perfect contemporary artist representing her own thoughts and spontaneity on canvas or paper or may in some other formats. A spirit of experimentation is the basis of contemporary art and Tracey is just the revolutionary as a contemporary artist. Modern art is born out of a considerable revision of the conventional definition of art form with the concept of something unique (Meecham, P & Sheldon J, 2000). Tracey is doing nothing rather implementing her own thoughts through a revolutionary method. Her struggling life from the childhood makes her tell the pathetic story in a spontaneous approach through modern art. Several rejections in terms of

Ionic Sieving Properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) Membranes

Ionic Sieving Properties of Graphene Oxide (GO) Membranes ABSTRACT: We characterized the ionic sieving properties of graphene oxide (GO) membranes by performing classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The Lerf-Klinowski model is used for GO nanosheets structure. The Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations for all atoms (OPLS-AA) force field is used for GO potential. The SPC/E model is used for water molecules. We show that GO membranes can act as reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, although the water flow in GO membranes is hundred times faster than RO membranes. In this work two important factors in ionic sieving process are studied. First the GO layers separation and second the pressure of water. Each simulation runs until at least half of the water molecules are desalinated. The water flux, permeability, salt rejection, potential of mean force (PMF), and radial distribution function (RDF) are measured. We show that the GO membranes can be the appropriate choice for desalination of seawater in future due to the simplicity in produc tion, low cost, fast water flow, and great ion rejection ability. By 2030 nearly half the global population could be facing water scarcity, with demand outstripping supply by 40 percent, said United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon.Over 97% of the water on the Earth is saline water and only three percent is fresh water and about two thirds of this fresh water is frozen.So in the near future the only way to provide fresh water is desalination of seawater. There are common ways to desalinate seawater like reverse osmosis (RO) or methods based on distillation. In the RO method an applied pressure is used to overcome natural osmotic pressure so water passes through a semi-permeable membrane leaving salt behind. In the Distillation methods seawater is evaporated and then condensed to produce freshwater. Both methods require a lot of energy and are very costly. Recently nanotube-based membranes and graphene-based membranes have attracted many interests for their potential in water desalination due to their high permeability and great ion rejection. Although these membranes have a great theoretical advantages, the problem of synthesis and fabrication is a major challenge for producing cost effective membranes. Graphene oxide (GO) is a chemical derivative of graphene with several functional groups such as epoxide and hydroxyl that is produced from graphite by the Hummers method. GO has been synthesized and fabricated in the forms of papers and films in the industrial-scale. Functional groups and layers separation of GO membranes can optimized simply during synthesis process to achieve best performance for desalination. In the GO membranes, water molecules permeate through the nanochannels between oxidized regions (pristine regions), which are provided by the hydrophobicity of functional groups. Particles that have a smaller size than the GO nanochannels can permeate in the GO membrane with speed orders of magnitude greater than common membranes. Dry GO membranes have a layers separation of ~5 ±1 angstroms which only lets water vapor molecules permeate through the nanochannels. When a GO membrane is immersed in water, it is swelled so the layers separation is increased to ~12 ±1 angstroms. Na+ is the smallest ion in the saline water which has a hydrated diameter of à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¾9 Ã…. Therefore after swelling of the membrane, small ions such as Na+ can permeate easier which leads to reduction of ion rejection. Several methods have been tried to prevent swelling of GO membranes, such as physical confinement, and crosslinking of nanosheets In this paper we present a next generation of ultrathin membranes which have remarkable abilities like high permeability, good ion rejection, and great resistance to blockage. Furthermore the simple and cheap methods for synthesis of GO membranes make them energy efficient. We performed Classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the large-scale atomic molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS).The VMD and OVITO were used for analysis and visualization. All simulations were carried out in NVT ensemble with a Nosà ©-Hoover thermostat and a damping constant of 10 femtoseconds. The equations of motion were integrated with a time step of 1 femtosecond using the velocity-verlet algorithm. The periodic boundary conditions (PBC) were applied for all three directions. The all-atom optimized potential for liquid simulations (OPLS-AA) is used for graphene oxide (GO) and salt ions.This potential contains many-body terms, including bond stretching, bond angle bending, van der Waals, and electrostatic interactions. In addition, OPLS uses a geometric combining rule for the Lennard-Jones coefficients. The extended simple point charge model (SPC/E) is used for water molecules, following previous studies on similar systems. The force field parameters are given in the table S1 to table S4 completely (see supporting information). The SHAKE algorithm is applied for water molecules to reduce high frequency vibrations that require shorter time steps. The interaction between water and GO includes both van der Waals and electrostatic terms. The van der Waals forces are truncated at 1.0 nm, and the long-range Coulomb interactions are computed by using the particle-particle particle-mesh (PPPM) algorithm. As it is seen in the figure S1 (see supporting information), in our model of GO, both hydroxyl and epoxide groups are considered, following the Lerfà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Klinowski model that is the most well-known model for GO. The structure of the single sheet of GO was considered as 1.5ÃÆ'-3 nm2 containing 18 epoxide and 25 hydroxyl groups. The oxygen functional groups were distributed on both sides of GO sheet. The single sheet of GO contains 206 carbon atoms and 43 oxygen atoms. Therefore, the ratio of C/O is about 4.8 which is in consistent with the Lerfà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Klinowski model. The size of simulation box in the x, y and z directions were about 17, 37 and 11 nm respectively. For preventing the membrane from movement, carbon atoms in the edges of the sheets were fixed. In the first step, a membrane was designed with 13 GO sheets and two layers according to the GO membranes structure proposed in previous studies. Distance between the edges was considered 2 nm. Figure S2 shows the designed membrane (see supporting information). Simulations were carried out for multiple values of layers separation from 7 to 8.5 angstroms with increment of 0.5 angstroms. For each choice of layers separation, three simulations were run for different nominal water pressures of 500 atm, 1000 atm, and 2000 atm. These numbers are nominal pressures but in the feed side of simulation box using voronoi atom volume estimation, feed pressure determined as 600 atm, 980 atm, and 1600 atm. Water pressure on the feed side of the membrane was enforced by applying specified and uniform forces in the z-direction to the piston atoms, thus ensuring that the water pressure was kept constant. Figure S3 shows the membrane with the layers separation of 8.5 angstroms, water, salt ions, and the piston (see supporting information). In the Figure S3a after 0.1 ns water molecules are in the pressure of 2000 atm and in the Figure S3b after 14 ns, we have 94 percent salt rejection and more than half of water molecules purified. In our simulations, saltwater was generated on the feed side of the membrane, consisted of 4800 water molecules and 52 Na+/Clà ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ pairs, corresponding to a salt concentration of 35.5 g/L, which is close to the normal salinity of seawater (~35 g/L). Figure 1a shows the flux of water (volume per unit of time per area) passing through the membrane as a function of applied pressure and layers separation. In our simulations, we had to use high pressures in compare to typical pressures that is needed for desalination, because we have a time scale limit in molecular dynamics. We can solve this problem with calculating permeability (volume per unit of time per area per pressure) of membrane that is shown in figure 1b. Another possible method is extrapolating the graphs in figure 1a to low pressures like 10 atm, so we can reach to appropriate flux due to approximately linear relation (R2=0.99). In figure 1b it is obvious that with increasing the layers separation, the membrane permeability increases linearly (R2=0.98). As it is expected the numbers for membrane permeability are in consistent with other reports.Figure 1c shows salt rejection for the membranes with different layers separation and different water pressures. Salt passage wa s calculated from proportion of filtered salt ions number at time t (t is the time that half of the water molecules passed from membrane) to initial salt ions number in the feed side. So we have salt rejection = (1 salt passage). As it is seen in the figure 1c, with increasing the pressure or layers separation, salt rejection reduces which is expected. It is clear that with using lower water pressures like 10 atm, we can achieve higher ion rejection. Figure 2a shows the number of water molecules versus time in the membrane part. For each value of separation there is a limit for number of water molecules that can be in the membrane. In the simulations with higher pressures, the membrane gets filled faster as it is shown in figure 2b. Furthermore in longer times (about 15 ns) the separation value controls the number of water molecules in the membrane. Therefore, without attention to the water pressure, anyway the membrane is filled with water completely. Figure 3 indicates number of filtered water molecules against time. The graphs are plotted at the time that half of the water molecules are desalinated. According to the figure 3b, it is obvious that after about 5 ns the membrane is filled approximately. So we can see a stable flow due to linear relationship between filtered molecules and time. Figure 3a shows water flow for different layers separation and figure 3b shows water flow for different pressures in constant separation value. Figure 4 is the 3D color map for potential of mean force (PMF) for a particle passing through two sheets of GO. The PMF was calculated from steered molecular dynamics (SMD). We used harmonic potential U = K(x à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ x0)2/2, where K is 20 Kcal/mole-angstrom2 and end of spring moving with velocity of 0.00005 angstrom/femtosecond that is enough for reversible pulling. For checking the reversible pulling, the SMD was performed in X direction and -X direction at same width, but the results were same. Also using umbrella sampling and weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) give us the same results as SMD for PMF calculation. For creating each PMF map, 30 simulations were performed to cover all of the GO layers width. We have done these simulations for 3 different layers separation. So we have a PMF map that shows barriers and valleys of energy all over the GO layers completely. In figure 4a, 4b, and 4c the PMF are plotted for Cl ion that passing from one side of GO layers to another side. In each path, Cl ion sees many barriers that prevent from movement of the ions. Also the ions can stuck in the valleys of energy between the barriers. Figure 4d, 4e, and 4f show PMF map for Na ion. In comparison to Cl ion, the barriers are shorter and valleys have a higher depth. So the Na ions in the valleys can move out with lower energy than Cl ions. PMF for H2O molecule in figure 4g, 4h, and 4i are shown. Flat surfaces indicate easy movement of H2O molecules across GO layers without encountering any barriers or valleys. As we can see in all of the plots, with increasing the layers separation, height of barriers and depth of valleys are reduced so the ions and water molecules move easier. Figure 5 shows salt concentration in the three part of feed, membrane, and filtered against time. In figure 5a the simulation is selected with layers separation of 8 angstroms and pressure of 2000 atmosphere. At the first of all simulations the salt concentration is 35.5 g/lit in the feed part which is same as sea water salinity. Salt concentration of feed part is slightly increased until reach to 90 g/lit at the time that half of the water molecules are desalinated. In the filtered part there are some peaks showing passage of ions through membrane. After the each peak, the salt concentration is reduced until the next peak because of passing water molecules from membrane into filtered part. Salt concentration in the membrane part fluctuates around the mean value of 17 g/lit until the end of simulation. So this fluctuation is enough to ensure that the membrane blockage does not occur even in higher salt concentrations like 90 g/lit. In figure 5b the layers separation is 8.5 angstroms with the water pressure of 2000 atmosphere. As we can see the behavior of plots is similar to figure 5a except number of peaks in the filtered part. Figure S4 indicates radial distribution function (RDF) for water and functional groups in GO layers (see supporting information). Figure S4a shows correlation between oxygen and hydrogen in water. Figure S4b presents RDF between oxygen in water and hydrogen in hydroxyl groups. Figure S4c shows RDF between hydrogen in water and oxygen in hydroxyl groups. Figure S4d shows correlation between hydrogen in water and oxygen of epoxide groups. The first peak in all of the plots in figure S4 shows length of hydrogen bond. As we can see in the figure the longest hydrogen bond is belong to hydrogen of water and oxygen of epoxide. We show that nanometer-scale pores in single-layer freestanding graphene can effectively filter NaCl salt from water. Using classical molecular dynamics, we report the desalination performance of such membranes as a function of pore size, chemical functionalization, and applied pressure.